Humans and Chemical Regimes
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Eco-intelligent integrated pre-fenton and artificial neural network system for debottlenecking the efficiency of physico-chemical treatment in POP-B3 waste management
Get PDFBackground: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in hazardous waste (B3) continue to increase due to industrial activities and are difficult to degrade using conventional methods. POPs can accumulate in the environment and pose serious health risks, such as cancer and reproductive disorders. The PREC-Fenton system has been proposed to enhance the treatment efficiency of hazardous waste, particularly POPs, by combining chemical reactions with energy utilization from salinity gradient power. Methods: The research methodology comprises modeling approaches, research framework formulation, system definition, thermodynamic property regression, model construction, system simulation, financial feasibility study, and simulation result analysis. Findings: The research findings indicate that the PREC-Fenton system is capable of reducing POPs by up to 1,038.8 kg/h with an efficiency of 99%, while producing 176.24 kg/h of clean water and generating 300.17 kW of energy with a conversion efficiency of 40%. The energy efficiency of the ORC increased by 46.13%. System optimization using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with 13 neurons in a single hidden layer yielded the lowest RMSE values and high accuracy, with R² values exceeding 0.96 for the KP, KI, and KD parameters. The economic analysis showed a break-even point (BEP) at 44% capacity, a net present value (NPV) of USD 125,529, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 33.48%, a discounted payback period (DPP) of 5 years, and a return on investment (ROI) of 190.89% before tax and 114.60% after tax. These results confirm that the PREC-Fenton system is efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Conclusion: This study successfully developed an efficient PREC-Fenton system for hazardous waste (B3) treatment, achieving up to 99.99% degradation efficiency of POPs, clean water production of 176.24 kg/h, and energy generation of 300.17 kW. Novelty/Originality of this article: This article presents an innovative integration of the PREC-Fenton system with an adaptive control approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to optimize the real-time degradation of POP-B3 waste
Synthesis of mesoporous silica-carbon composite as solid acid catalyst for esterification reaction
Get PDFBackground: In industrial process, there are numerous of reactions that need catalyst to be involved with, the typical catalyst used is of homogenous catalyst, that in fact, having several adversities in the process. Apparently, the homogenous catalyst may contain high toxicity, causing corrosion, and the difficulty of separating catalyst from the product resulted in the end of the process.. Methods: The purpose of this research are to evaluate the performance of solid acid catalysts with PEG template in the esterification reaction and determine the effect of sulfonation temperature on the characteristics of the catalyst. Findings:The synthesis procedure of a solid acid catalyst with PEG templates includes the synthesis of silica gel, carbonization, sulfonation, product characterization and esterification. Making silica gel using PEG as a carbon source and template was made by preparing a solution of waterglass (Na2SiO3) with a concentration of 8% SiO2. Besides that, a solution of 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were prepared. The template is removed by calcination at a temperature of 550ºC for 1 hour. Sulfonation was carried out by mixing silica-carbon composites with a concentrated 98% H2SO4 solution and heated at temperature variables (80⁰C, 120⁰C, 100⁰C, 135⁰C, and 150⁰C). While esterification was carried out with a variation of the catalyst mass of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 grams on the best results carried out at temperatures of 60⁰C, 70⁰C, and 80⁰C. The sample is characterized with Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), Spectrophotometry FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red), ionic capacity experiment, and esterification reaction experiment. Conclusion: The study confirms that sulfonation temperature significantly influences the catalytic performance of PEG-templated silica-carbon solid acid catalysts in esterification reactions. Novelty/Originality of this Article: This research introduces a PEG-templated silica-carbon composite as a solid acid catalyst with tunable sulfonation temperatures to enhance esterification efficiency
Synthesis of silicon carbide (SiC) micro-particles from PCB waste through dry milling as a candidate for microfluidic particles in quenching media
Get PDFBackground: The increasing demand for electronic devices due to technological advancements has led to a rise in electronic waste, particularly printed circuit boards (PCBs). This study aims to utilize PCB waste, which contains non-metal particles such as silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC), to enhance the thermal conductivity of cooling media. Methods: The research process began with the crushing of PCBs, followed by leaching with 1M HCl for 24 hours. Subsequently, pyrolysis was conducted using argon at 500°C for 30 minutes. The resulting PCB particles were then subjected to dry milling in a planetary ball mill with varying ball-to-powder ratios of 1:10, 1:30, and 1:50 for durations of 10 and 20 hours, using steel balls. The milled particles were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analysis (PSA). Findings: XRF analysis revealed that SiO2 was the predominant compound. XRD results indicated significant SiC phase growth in the 1:50 parameter with a 20-hour milling time. PSA results showed the smallest particle size of 627.6 d.nm with a polydispersity index of 0.047 in the 1:10 variable with a 20-hour milling time. Conclusion: The study successfully demonstrates the potential of utilizing PCB waste to produce SiC micro-particles, which can enhance the thermal conductivity of cooling media. This approach not only provides a method for recycling electronic waste but also contributes to the development of more efficient cooling systems. Novelty/Originality of this article: This research introduces an innovative approach to recycling electronic waste by converting PCB waste into valuable SiC micro-particles, offering a novel method for improving cooling media in industrial applications
Alternatif perencanaan sistem plambing air bersih dan air kotor pada proyek gedung
Get PDFLatar Belakang: Dalam konteks pembangunan vertikal yang makin meningkat akibat keterbatasan lahan, sistem plambing menjadi komponen kritikal yang menjamin kenyamanan dan kesehatan penghuni gedung. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perencanaan sistem plambing air bersih dan air kotor pada Gedung Shafira Hotel Surabaya, yang memiliki sepuluh lantai dan berbagai fasilitas pendukung. Metode: Melalui analisis kebutuhan berdasarkan jumlah pengguna gedung dan perhitungan beban unit alat plambing, penelitian ini menghasilkan desain sistem plambing yang efisien. Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kebutuhan air bersih sebesar 18 m³/jam atau 144 m³/hari dan produksi air kotor sebesar 115,2 m³/hari. Kapasitas tangki air bawah tanah dan tangki air atas dirancang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, dengan sistem pipa yang dirancang untuk efisiensi distribusi dan pembuangan. Evaluasi desain menggunakan pipe flow expert menunjukkan bahwa desain tersebut aman dan layak digunakan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan penting dalam perencanaan sistem plambing untuk gedung bertingkat, dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kesehatan, keselamatan, dan kenyamanan penghuni
Efektivitas koagulasi dengan biji kelor dalam penyisihan kandungan besi dan mangan pada air tanah: Perbandingan antara proses satu tahap dan dua tahap
Get PDFLatar Belakang: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas penggunaan biji kelor sebagai koagulan dalam proses penyisihan kandungan besi (Fe) dan mangan (Mn) pada air tanah serta membandingkan efisiensi antara proses koagulasi satu tahap dan dua tahap. Metode: Dalam penelitian ini, biji kelor diuji sebagai koagulan alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan ekonomis dalam proses koagulasi untuk mengurangi kandungan Fe dan Mn dalam air tanah. Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses koagulasi menggunakan biji kelor mampu menyisihkan Fe dan Mn dari air tanah dengan efektivitas yang signifikan. Efektivitas penyisihan Fe berkisar antara 25-42% pada proses koagulasi satu tahap dan meningkat menjadi 32-45% pada proses koagulasi dua tahap. Sementara itu, efektivitas penyisihan Mn berkisar antara 24-57% pada proses koagulasi satu tahap dan meningkat menjadi 25-63% pada proses koagulasi dua tahap. Dosis optimal koagulan biji kelor untuk penyisihan Fe dan Mn ditemukan pada kisaran 35-36 mg/L. Kesimpulan: Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah biji kelor menawarkan potensi sebagai koagulan alternatif yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan untuk pengolahan air tanah yang terkontaminasi Fe dan Mn. Hasil ini memberikan wawasan baru dalam pengembangan teknologi pengolahan air yang berkelanjutan dan ekonomis
Inovasi pupuk KNO3 slow release berbasis film grafena oksida limbah tempurung kelapa
Get PDFBackground: As a country with an extensive agricultural sector, the use of fertilizers plays a crucial role. Inorganic fertilizers such as KNO₃ are commonly used; however, excessive application leads to the accumulation of inorganic residues in the soil. Therefore, fertilizers that allow for controlled nutrient release are highly needed, one of which is through encapsulation using graphene oxide (GO). Methods: This study aims to synthesize GO and examine its characteristics for encapsulating KNO₃ fertilizer. Coconut shell waste was used as the raw material for producing GO, synthesized through the Hummers method with variations in the graphite mass derived from coconut shell. Findings: FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O–H, C–H, and C=C bonds. TEM characterization revealed a thin morphology, indicating oxidation during the formation of graphene oxide. AAS tests showed that the release of KNO₃ from the graphene oxide reached a maximum of 93.8% after 8 hours. This fertilizer is intended to address the issue of low absorption rates of macronutrients by plants. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that graphene oxide synthesized from coconut shell waste can effectively encapsulate KNO₃ fertilizer, enabling controlled nutrient release of up to 93.8% after 8 hours. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in the utilization of coconut shell waste as a graphite source for synthesizing graphene oxide for the encapsulation of KNO₃ fertilizer, offering the potential to improve nutrient uptake efficiency in plants
Pengaruh bakteri Bacillus thuringiensis ekstrak cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) sebagai biofertilizer terhadap hama dan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.)
Get PDFBackground: Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that reside within plant tissues without causing disease. The use of endophytic bacteria can be an alternative to combat corn plant diseases. These bacteria function as biocontrol agents by producing antimicrobial secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Currently, farmers often use fungicides, chemical pesticides, or chemical fertilizers, which can worsen the condition of crops, including corn cultivation. An alternative approach is to utilize endophytic bacteria as antimicrobial agents against pathogens. The Bacillus group, particularly Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), can induce plant resistance. Additionally, the use of Bacillus thuringiensis with clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum) as a biofertilizer has a positive impact on corn plant growth and pest control. This combination can enhance plant growth, reduce pest attacks, and increase crop yields. Bt is effective as a biological pest control agent without harming the environment, while clove extract supports plant growth and increases pest mortality
Pencemaran limbah printed circuit board dari kegiatan kelistrikan PLN
Get PDFoai:ojs2.journal-iasssf.com:article/639Background: This article aims to discuss the topic of electronic waste pollution, specifically focusing on printed circuit board (PCBs). In many developing countries, including Indonesia, this waste is not properly regulated, despite being hazardous. Methods: To address this topic, the author employs a literature review as the basis and reference for topic development. Finding: Due to its negative impacts on health and the environment, as well as issues of illegal cross-border trade, electronic waste has become a global concern. While this waste can be technologically processed, it requires high costs, which have not been implemented in Indonesia. However, from a sociological perspective, this waste can endanger public health, so a solution is to creatively process it through art. Conclusion: As a hazardous entity, electronic waste needs to be processed, and tree planting activities are required to offset its negative impacts
Penggunaan bioaktivator air limbah tahu (whey) dengan bioaktivator effective microorganisms dalam pemanfaatan limbah organik
Get PDFBackground: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of using tofu wastewater bioactivator (whey) and effective microorganisms (EM4) in the production of liquid organic fertilizer from organic waste. Methods: Experimental method was used with two different treatments in the fermentation process, namely the addition of EM4 bioactivator and the addition of tofu wastewater. The materials used included leftover vegetables from the market, dried leaves, and tofu dregs. The fermentation process lasted for 14 days under anaerobic conditions. Finding: The research results indicate that the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in the liquid organic fertilizer produced did not differ significantly between the two treatments. The nitrogen content in the fertilizer with the addition of EM4 was 0.31%, while in the fertilizer with the addition of tofu water it was 0.38%. The phosphorus and potassium levels in both fertilizers were still below the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for liquid organic fertilizer. Conclusion: Thus, the samples produced are more accurately categorized as soil conditioners. This research provides new insights into the sustainable utilization of organic waste and adds value to waste that has not been optimally utilized
Understanding the global e-waste crisis
Get PDFBackground: Electronic waste is a global issue affecting all mankind. This research aims to provide an understanding of electronic waste, including its problems, causes, and what humans can do to address it. Methods: This study employs a literature review to discuss the topic. Finding: The rapid advancement of technology has had a major impact on the amount of e-waste generated worldwide. The most effective way to reduce the amount of e-waste generated is to encourage people to reuse and recycle their electronic devices. The results of this study demonstrate the need for better management of e-waste. Conclusion: The e-waste crisis is a growing global problem that is having a significant impact on the environment and human health. Fortunately, there are a variety of potential solutions to the e-waste crisis. Governments can create regulations that require manufacturers to take responsibility for the disposal of their products. Consumers can also play an important role by recycling their old electronics and purchasing products with longer lifespans. By implementing these solutions, we can reduce the amount of e-waste generated and help protect our environment and human health