Environmental and Materials
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Uncovering the spatial link between environmental risks, diarrhea incidence, and health service accessibility
Get PDFBackground: This study investigates spatial disparities between healthcare capacity, hospital accessibility, and environmental risk of diarrhea in West Java Province. Using a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS), network-based travel-time modeling, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and clustering, the research identifies mismatches high-risk areas and low-access healthcare infrastructure. Spatial overlay reveals that districts such as Tasikmalaya, Garut, and Cianjur experience dual vulnerabilities—limited healthcare reach and elevated environmental risk indicators. Methods: PCA was used to reduce multicollinearity among six environmental and socioeconomic variables, including access to sanitation, drinking water, latrine type, and poverty level. After excluding three extreme outliers, 24 districts were clustered using PCA-derived composite scores. The clusters were overlaid with hospital accessibility maps from service area analyses (≤30 and 31–60 minutes). PCA explained 80.4% of the total variance. Findings: The results show that 3 out of 27 districts, such as Tasikmalaya, Garut, and Cianjur; exhibited critically low hospital bed ratios, and over 50% of their population is located outside the 30-minute service area of a hospital. PCA-based clustering revealed four spatial risk typologies, with Cluster 4 (extreme outliers) representing the highest composite risk from poor sanitation, communal latrines, and high poverty. These findings underscore a spatial mismatch between environmental vulnerability and healthcare accessibility. Conclusion: Integrated spatial planning is urgently needed in high-risk, low-access areas, combining infrastructure expansion with digital health solutions. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study introduces a spatial typology of diarrhea risk in West Java by integrating PCA and GIS-based accessibility, and aligns its recommendations with Indonesia’s national health policy frameworks (RPJMN 2025–2029 and PP No. 28/2024) to support data-driven, equitable public health interventions
Recent advancements of carbazoles synthesis: Towards the green synthesis approach
Get PDFBackground: The importance of carbazoles synthesis had been a motive to study deeper about the synthesis of carbazoles. For the development of carbazoles synthesis, a green synthesis approach became an important aspect that needed to be improved. The sustainable synthesis of carbazoles also plays a role in the reducing the hazardous impact to the environment. Methods: This carbazoles synthesis review was based on the generation of A or B ring in the carbazole molecules that analyzed by retrosynthetic analysis, updating several works from the past 10 years and highlighting the green synthesis approaches of carbazoles. Findings: Some of the green synthesis approaches were reported by the utilization of a green energy sources, mild solvents, and low catalysts loading that were used in the reaction. Non-toxic and non-hazardous material were also preferable to maintain the sustainability of this reaction. These currently developed approaches were inevitably encountered by several limitations, including lower yields and reactivities. Conclusion: Some of the reviews provides an improvement of the results, providing a broad substrate scopes with the moderate-to-good yield using a green synthesis approach. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review were focusing on the development of a green synthesis approach of carbazoles, which never reported in any review before
One-pot catalytic conversion of glucose to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over NiO-modified ZSM-5 zeolites: Effects of reaction temperature and solvent ratio
No full textBackground: 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has gained increasing attention as a key bio-based intermediate for the production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF) and other sustainable polyesters, offering a viable alternative to fossil-derived monomers. Although FDCA is conventionally produced via oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), direct one-pot conversion of glucose remains challenging due to the requirement for integrated catalytic functions and the strong influence of reaction conditions. Hierarchical zeolites modified with transition-metal oxides are promising for one-pot glucose-to-FDCA conversion; however, the effects of reaction temperature and solvent composition have not been systematically evaluated and are examined here using hierarchical ZSM-5, NiO-modified ZSM-5, and NiO catalysts. Methods: Hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized via a dual-template method and modified with NiO through an impregnation–spray technique to introduce redox-active sites. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray to establish correlations between structural, compositional, and textural properties and catalytic performance. Catalytic reactions were conducted at varying temperatures using a γ-valerolactone–water solvent system with different volume ratios. Findings: NiO-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to the parent zeolite and NiO, achieving a maximum FDCA yield of 2.36% at 150 °C with an optimal γ-valerolactone–water ratio of 1:1. Higher FDCA yield over NiO-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 reflects the combined effects of hierarchical porosity, NiO species, reaction temperature, and solvent ratio. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that NiO-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 can promote one-pot glucose-to-FDCA conversion, with reaction temperature and solvent ratio identified as key parameters for performance optimization. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study provides a systematic assessment of the effects of reaction temperature and γ-valerolactone–water solvent ratio on FDCA formation over NiO-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 in a one-pot glucose conversion system, establishing catalyst and process design principles
Optimizing vanillin and phenol production from benzyl phenyl ether using CoMoO4/H-ZSM-5: A Box-Behnken design approach
Get PDFBackground: Lignin valorization into high-value chemicals is crucial for sustainable development. This study focused on optimizing the catalytic conversion of benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), a lignin model compound, to vanillin and phenolic compounds. Methods: Hierarchical H-ZSM-5 was synthesized via a dual-template method and subsequently modified by wet impregnation with bimetallic cobalt and molybdenum oxides (CoMoO4/H-ZSM-5). Catalyst properties were thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including XRD, FTIR, XRF, N2-physisorption, and SEM-EDS mapping. Reaction conditions, specifically Co:Mo ratio, temperature, and reaction time, were optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), and product yields were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Findings: Characterization confirmed successful catalyst synthesis, organic template removal, and bimetal oxide incorporation without significant structural damage. Catalytic tests demonstrated 100% BPE conversion. The highest experimental vanillin yield achieved was 54.69%. BBD analysis revealed that the interaction between Co:Mo ratio and temperature, as well as the quadratic effect of Co:Mo ratio, were the most influential factors impacting product yields. The optimal parameters for maximizing vanillin and phenolic yield were determined to be a Co:Mo ratio of 3:7, a temperature of 169 °C, and a reaction time of 31 minutes. While the phenolic model showed a reasonable fit (R² = 0.76), the vanillin model exhibited a lower fit (R² = 0.34) with significant lack-of-fit. Conclusion: This research provides crucial insights into the efficient production of high-value chemicals from BPE, offering a comprehensive optimization approach for the CoMoO4/H-ZSM-5 catalytic system. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study represents a novel contribution to lignin valorization
Preliminary study of screen–printed gold electrode for H2O2 sensor based on electrochemiluminescence of luminol
Get PDFBackground: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is mostly used in the water and dairy industries for sterilization and preservation purposes. However, excessive H2O2 residues in milk and tap water pose a health risk. Therefore, accurate measurement of H2O2 residue is essential. Methods: This study explores the potential of a screen–printed gold electrode (SPGE) as a sensor for H2O2 sensor using the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) method of luminol in the electrolyte of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) under alkaline condition (pH of 9). Findings: The detection of H2O2 was achieved a linear calibration equation of y = 0.0215[H2O2] + 0.2006 within a concentration range of 0.5 to 200 µM (R2 = 0.9998), demonstrating reliable ECL measurements. Conclusion: The analytical performance evaluation of H2O2 sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.06 µM, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10.20 µM, and good measurement repeatability, with a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 6.03%, which is below ⅔ of the Horwitz coefficient of variation (9.85%). Unmodified SPGE offers simplicity, ease of use, a stable surface, and good conductivity while maintaining excellent performance. Novelty/Originality of this article: The application of the ECL method on SPGE for H2O2 detection offers excellent analytical performance, making it a promising approach for monitoring H2O2 residues in the water and dairy industries, with a recovery from 83.83 to 106.01%
A review of TiO2 nanotubes/Co3O4/M (M: Au, Ag) photoelectrode for degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue
Get PDFBackground: Wastewater containing dyes occurs due to the discharge of wastewater into rivers without undergoing proper treatment procedures as it should. This waste generally comes from the textile industry. Wastewater containing dyes increases the concentration of organic pollutants in wastewater, which can cause water pollution. Textile dyes are generally made from compounds containing aromatic rings, such as methyl orange and methylene blue. Methyl orange and methylene blue are organic pollutants that cannot be biologically degraded because they contain aromatic rings that are difficult to break down, thus posing a risk of environmental pollution and disrupting aquatic ecosystems. Several conventional wastewater treatment methods for dye degradation, such as coagulation, flotation, sedimentation, and filtration, have been applied, but these methods still have limitations. Methods: This review examines recent progress in the development of TiO₂ nanotube-based photoelectrodes modified with Co₃O₄ and noble metals (Ag, Au) for the degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue from wastewater. The use of electrochemical methods has advantages over conventional methods, namely more efficient, environmentally friendly, and flexible for the degradation of dyes in wastewater. The synthesis techniques used are anodization, impregnation-deposition-decomposition, and photodeposition methods. Findings: The development of TiO₂/Co₃O₄/Ag and TiO₂/Co₃O₄/Au nanotube-based photoelectrodes shows better performance in the degradation of organic dyes compared to unmodified TiO₂ photoelectrodes, as they can improve photocatalytic efficiency by expanding visible light absorption and increasing surface reactivity. Conclusion: The use of TiO₂/Co₃O₄/Ag and TiO₂/Co₃O₄/Au materials has great potential as an environmentally friendly and efficient solution in addressing pollution from persistent textile dye wastewater. The implementation of this technology in industrial wastewater treatment systems promotes advances in the fields of photocatalysis and renewable energy. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review is the first to evaluate TiO₂ nanotube/Co₃O₄ photoelectrodes modified with Ag and Au for the degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue
Advancements in diagnostic approaches for malaria and dengue fever cases in Indonesia and Nigeria
Get PDFBackground: This review aims to compare diagnostic advancements for malaria and dengue fever in Indonesia and Nigeria, highlighting the implementation of AI-based technologies and electrochemical biosensors. Both diseases are endemic in these tropical countries and present overlapping clinical symptoms, making laboratory-based confirmation methods such as RT-PCR and serological assays critical for accurate diagnosis. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore databases, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 that reported diagnostic performance and field applicability of the technologies. This scientific review synthesizes existing literature on infection mechanisms, conventional diagnostic methods (microscopy, RDT, ELISA, PCR), and state-of-the-art sensing technologies, including the AI-based malaria detection system (AIDMAN: YOLOv5 + Transformer + CNN) and electrochemical biosensors for dengue. Findings: The AI approach for malaria achieved high accuracy (patch-level 98.62% AUC 99.92%; image-level 97% AUC 98.84%). Dengue NS1 electrochemical biosensors reached a detection limit of ~10⁻¹² g/mL with excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, suitable for point-of-care use. Conclusion: Integrating sensing technologies from rapid tests to AI-driven microscopy and biosensors enables faster, more accurate diagnosis, improving patient management in resource-limited settings. Novelty/Originality of this article: This is the first comprehensive review that bridges cross-country (Indonesia and Nigeria) and cross-technology (AI and biosensor) approaches, offering valuable insight into sustainable diagnostic innovation for tropical infectious diseases
Increasing energy density of vanadium redox flow batteries: A comprehensive review
No full textBackground: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs) represent a leading energy storage technology for renewable integration due to their long cycle life, high safety, and flexible scalability. However, their low energy density and high cost continue to limit widespread adoption. This study aims to synthesize and critically evaluate recent advances in enhancing VRFB performance through innovations in electrode materials, electrolyte chemistry, and membrane design. Methods: This study adopts a comprehensive literature review approach, analyzing theoretical and experimental research published in recent years. The review focuses on advancements in nanostructured electrode surfaces, optimized electrolyte formulations, and functional hybrid membranes. Theoretical insights from materials science and electrochemistry were integrated to establish the correlation between structure, performance, and efficiency. Findings: The reviewed studies reveal that nanostructured and heteroatom-doped electrodes enhance redox kinetics and minimize side reactions, while optimized electrolytes with mixed acids and stabilizers improve vanadium solubility and thermal stability. Hybrid polymer–inorganic membranes effectively reduce vanadium ion crossover and maintain high proton conductivity, thereby increasing coulombic and energy efficiencies. Collectively, these advancements improve power output, reduce self-discharge, and enhance long-term cycling performance, moving VRFBs closer to economic feasibility. Conclusion: Advancements in material design and system optimization are pivotal in overcoming the limitations of conventional VRFBs. Continued research on scalable, low-cost materials, electrolyte recycling, and hybrid integration will further promote sustainable energy storage. Novelty/Originality of this article: This review uniquely integrates material-level and system-level perspectives, offering a holistic understanding of how innovations across components collectively advance high-efficiency, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable VRFB technology for next-generation renewable energy systems
An acetylcholinesterase-based biosensor of carbofuran using carbon foam electrode modified by graphene and gold particles
Get PDFBackground: This study introduces a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-based biosensor for the sensitive and selective detection of carbofuran, a widely used carbamate pesticide known for its neurotoxicity. Methods: The biosensor employs a carbon foam (CF) electrode modified with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles (CF/Graphene/Au), leveraging the synergistic properties of these materials to enhance electrochemical performance. Carbofuran detection is achieved through its inhibitory effect on AChE activity, monitored via cyclic voltammetry of thiocholine oxidation. Findings: Under optimal conditions at pH 7.4, the biosensor demonstrated a linear detection range of 25–125 μM, a detection limit of 8.08 μM, and a sensitivity of 0.3874 mA μM⁻¹ cm⁻². It also showed strong reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 6.77%. When tested on real vegetable samples, the biosensor achieved recovery rates between 88.95% and 111.30%. Conclusion: Compared to existing biosensor technologies, the CF/Graphene/Au-based sensor offers a well-balanced performance in terms of sensitivity, detection range, and practical usability. It presents a viable and portable solution for monitoring pesticide residues in environmental samples. Novelty/Originality of this article: This work presents a promising, portable solution for environmental monitoring of pesticide residues, integrating advanced nanomaterials and computational validation to improve detection accuracy and reliability
Copper foam modified electrodes for CO₂ electroreduction: A study on deposition potential effect and flow cell performance
No full textBackground: The development of effective electrochemical conversion technologies is imperative due to the rising global CO2 emissions. A promising platform for CO2 reduction to formate is copper electrode, which can stabilize the carbon dioxide radical that is essential for CO2 conversion. Methods: In this work, Cu foam was electrodeposited in situ on a copper plate with sodium citrate acting as a capping agent (CuF@Cu), with variation of potential deposition were 3V and 5V. Findings: The foam structure of Cu in Cu electrode was confirmed with SEM and XRD measurements for both potential deposition variations. Furthermore, CO2 electroreduction was carried out in a flow cell under ideal conditions, which included aeration for 20 minutes, a flow rate of 75 mL min⁻¹, and an applied potential of −0.33 V vs. Ag/AgCl. For formic acid conversion, the Faradaic efficiency rose from 14.18% (Cu bare) to 26.73% (CuF@Cu 3V) which an 88.7% improvement over bare copper. Conclusion: The enhanced performance is attributed to the increased surface area and three-dimensional foam structure, which augments active sites for CO₂ activation. This work demonstrates that simple electrodeposition of copper foam is an effective strategy for improving electrochemical CO₂ reduction efficiency. Novelty/Originality of this article: These findings demonstrate that CuF@Cu makes using this straightforward electrodeposition technique a viable option for CO2 to formate conversion