American Journal of Trade and Policy
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Cybersecurity in International Trade Agreements: A New Paradigm for Economic Diplomacy
Get PDFThis research shows that cybersecurity in international trade agreements is essential to contemporary economic diplomacy. Cybersecurity is crucial for trade infrastructure, intellectual property, and digital supply chains as global commerce digitizes. This research evaluates how trade agreements might improve cybersecurity and digital commerce. The qualitative research uses secondary data to analyze trade agreements, including the USMCA and CPTPP, policy frameworks, and multilateral activities. Significant results show that cybersecurity is now a strategic concern in international commerce, with trade agreements assisting in standardization, collaboration, and confidence. The paper also highlights geopolitical conflicts, regulatory differences, and the digital divide as barriers to cybersecurity integration into trade frameworks. The policy implications underscore the need for collaborative global cybersecurity rules, capacity-building for underdeveloped states, and enforcement procedures in trade agreements to ensure their implementation. This study adds to the increasing information on cybersecurity and international commerce, providing policymakers with meaningful ideas to manage the digital economy and promote economic diplomacy
Unveiling the Potential of PPP Theory: A Practical Approach to Short-Term BDT-USD Exchange Rate Forecasting in Bangladesh
Get PDFThis study explores the viability of the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) theory in predicting short-term exchange rate movements in Bangladesh. We aim to construct a forecast model, exclusively based on PPP theory, to accurately estimate the 30, 60, and 90-day forward exchange rates of BDT-USD (Bangladeshi Taka - US Dollar) with minimal error. Drawing from approximately 9 years of monthly data, we utilize monthly nominal CPI values from Bangladesh and the USA to compute six inflation differentials across various periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days). To determine the lagged impact of inflation on exchange rates, we employ a straightforward correlation matrix with associated p-values. Among these sets, the one exhibiting the highest correlation (along with the lowest p-value) with the percentage change in the 30-day forward rate is identified as the very variable having the highest impact on the next 30-day forward rate. This process is repeated for the 60 and 90-day forward rates, leading to three distinct equations for forecasting each duration. Finally, error-adjustment variables are incorporated in these equations. Our model relies on five readily available data points to forecast forward exchange rates. Results indicate that this model accurately forecasts the 30-day forward exchange rate with a ±0.58% error margin and 98.84% accuracy, with statistical robustness at a 5% significance level across the sample period. However, the performance diminishes when forecasting 60 and 90-day forward exchange rates. This study underscores the effectiveness of PPP theory in predicting up to 30 days of forward exchange rates in Bangladesh, highlighting its practical applicability in economics and finance
Sculpting Dynamic Intelligence in E-Commerce Vendor-Customer Relations with Advanced Big Data Analytics Integration
Get PDFThis study examines how sophisticated big data analytics may improve customization, engagement, and operational efficiency in e-commerce vendor-customer relationships. The study focuses on intelligent e-commerce systems using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and predictive analytics to enhance consumer experiences. The paper synthesizes literature on big data applications, problems, and possibilities in e-commerce using secondary data. Big data offers hyper-personalization, real-time client interaction, and operational improvements, but it also raises data privacy, algorithmic bias, and infrastructure scalability problems. The report also suggests that augmented reality, virtual reality, and blockchain will shape customer interaction. Policy implications call for stronger regulatory frameworks that balance innovation, ethics, privacy, and openness. To maximize big data\u27s potential, firms must invest in IT infrastructure, fill talent gaps, and promote ethical data use. This study concludes that data-driven tactics are crucial to creating intelligent and adaptable e-commerce connections, which affect digital market development, trust, and competitiveness
Implementing AI in SAP GTS for Symmetric Trade Analytics and Compliance
Get PDFSAP Global Trade Services (GTS) uses AI to improve symmetric trade analytics and compliance management. The main goal is to examine how machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics may enhance global trade compliance accuracy, flexibility, and efficiency. Secondary data, including peer-reviewed academic publications, industry reports, and case studies, is analyzed to assess SAP GTS AI integration. Significant results show that AI automates risk assessments, detects abnormalities, and adapts to real-time regulatory changes, improving compliance. AI\u27s symmetric trade analytics gives enterprises data-driven insights across numerous trade operations, boosting decision-making and lowering compliance risks. Data quality, model interpretability, and data security still hinder AI adoption. The paper emphasizes robust data governance frameworks, explainable AI models, and safe data management to address these restrictions. Regulatory organizations should adopt AI audits, transparency, and data protection norms to guarantee responsible AI usage in global trade compliance. SAP GTS may become a strategic, AI-powered tool that improves trade efficiency, reduces compliance risks, and helps firms navigate international trade rules by tackling these difficulties and policy concerns
Resilient Supply Chains: Strategies for Managing Disruptions in a Globalized Economy
Get PDFThis paper investigates methods for creating robust supply chains in a worldwide economy in light of growing disruptions. The primary goals were to evaluate supply chain resilience through integrating sustainable practices, investigate the impact of new technology, and explore solutions for diversification. A thorough analysis of case studies and literature regarding methodology was carried out, emphasizing secondary data sources from government publications, business reports, and scholarly journals. Significant research indicates that diversifying suppliers, production sites, and logistical routes can reduce the risks associated with localized interruptions. Proactive risk management requires enhanced visibility, predictive analytics, and operational efficiency, which may be achieved by integrating technologies like AI, IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing. Furthermore, integrating sustainability through ethical, sustainable sourcing, and resource-efficient methods reduces environmental and societal dangers and improves brand reputation and economic viability. The policy implications emphasize the need for frameworks that foster technology innovation, sustainability, and stakeholder collaboration. By implementing these tactics and resolving related issues, companies can construct flexible supply networks to sustain operations and competitiveness amidst fluctuations in the worldwide market
Effective Change Management Strategies: Lessons Learned from Successful Organizational Transformations
Get PDFThe study looks into successful organizational transformations\u27 effective change management techniques to extract important lessons for directing following change projects. The study uses a qualitative methodology to examine several case studies and secondary data sources to find recurring themes and patterns in various transformation scenarios. Key conclusions emphasize how crucial it is for change initiatives to be driven by strategy alignment, stakeholder participation, adaptive leadership, effective communication, and ongoing evaluation. The policy implications highlight the need to develop leadership skills, support regulatory frameworks that encourage evidence-based change management approaches, and cultivate organizational cultures that are open to change. Organizations may handle complexity, spur innovation, and achieve sustainable growth in the face of uncertainty and change by incorporating these findings into their change management strategies. This study offers insightful advice for practitioners and policymakers looking to improve their capacity for change and prosper in today\u27s fast-paced business environment
Sovereign Wealth Funds in the UAE, Egypt, and Kuwait
No full textThe UAE, Egypt, and Kuwait sponsor SWFs. Decision-making in the SWFs of these countries is made by the Board of Directors and management or operating committees or teams. While internal politics and geopolitics inevitably influence SWFs, the government’s direct participation in decision-making could cause concern for host countries. SWFs in the three countries are regulated under domestic law through their legal mandate and supervision by the designated government authority. The Santiago Principles and IFSWF comprise the international regulatory framework for SWFs. However, compliance is voluntary and there are no sanctions for erring members. Compliance is limited in the three countries, especially in the area of disclosure because of the close involvement in the SWFs by the ruling family in the UAE and Kuwait and the Prime Minister in Egypt. SWFs in the three countries are growing and assuming more important roles. With their expanding roles, they have to increasingly address domestic and international expectations to function more effectively. A starting point is better compliance with the Santiago Principles, which is a matter of interest in the global market. Creating a regional chapter of IFSWF can facilitate context-specific standards and compliance. Regulatory reforms can also improve the domestic investment climate to make SWFs more effective at fulfilling their purpose
Pathways from the (semi) Periphery: Early Assessment of EU Mercosur Trade Agreement in Principle: Environmental and Development Aspects
Get PDFIn the current international and domestic context, imagining a more complex bilateral trade agreement is more accessible than between the European Union (E.U.) and Mercosur (the South American International Trading Bloc). The tensions between these major trading blocs only aggravate international trade and economic relations. Consequently, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is bracing for its most significant challenge since its establishment in 1994. Between the E.U. and Mercosur\u27s complex trade agreement and the WTO\u27s challenge, the post-COVID-19 international legal environment has become even more complicated.
The aims of this paper are: (1) to analyze the importance of the E.U.–Mercosur agreement within the current institutional trade framework; (2) to present some of the most controversial dilemmas posed by the present agreement; and (3) to evaluate the extent to which the agreement may support or hinder more sustainable and inclusive development among both trade partners. This study will focus on Brazil due to its geography, population size, and historical efforts to bring the nation closer to the international periphery and its radical turn to authoritarian populism. Additionally, Brazil\u27s Amazon Rainforest\u27s global necessity is essential for this study
Blockchain-Enabled Marketing Analytics for Enhanced Campaign Transparency
Get PDFIn the digital age, blockchain technology has enormous potential to transform marketing analytics and improve campaign transparency. This project aims to investigate how blockchain-enabled marketing analytics might enhance the efficacy and transparency of campaigns. The primary aims of the research were to examine the difficulties associated with conventional marketing analytics, investigate blockchain-based remedies, evaluate real-world case studies, deliberate on potential future paths and valuable suggestions, and evaluate the constraints and policy ramifications. The study\u27s approach comprised a thorough analysis of case studies, literature, and professional comments from blockchain and marketing analytics experts. The fundamental discoveries include discovering blockchain-based solutions for conventional marketing analytics problems, presenting real-world applications through case studies, identifying future directions, and helpful adoption advice. The need for regulatory frameworks to manage data privacy issues, advance interoperability, and assist with initiatives for cooperation and education are among the policy consequences. This study sheds light on the revolutionary possibilities of blockchain-enabled marketing analytics for raising campaign transparency and spurring innovation in digital marketing
An Analysis of Afghanistan\u27s Postwar Condition and How to Use AI Technology to Address It
Get PDFIn August 2021, President Biden announced the withdrawal of the US army from Afghanistan. As the final armed force withdrew on August 30th, 2021, the long-term direct interference of the US army in Afghanistan ended. Since the Afghanistan War in 2001, US-led forces have sought to eliminate insurgencies and reestablish social and political orders. In the past 20 years, the US has spent considerable effort and funds to assist in the recovery and development of Afghanistan. The reappearance of the Taliban in power in Afghanistan and the retreat of US forces from the nation revealed that all the efforts the US had previously made did not meet the expectation they should have. Thus, the inefficiency of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan could be a sign that the currently existing methods might not be able to provide an effective solution for the situation in Afghanistan. Inspired by the development of novel technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, this article argues that the current usage and development of such technologies can foreshadow possible solutions to Afghanistan\u27s various problems