334 research outputs found
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Internal migration for education and employment among youth in India
No full textThis paper sheds light on the issue of internal migration for education and employment among the youth. i.e those aged 15-32 years. The paper is a first step towards addressing the issue of whether states should be concerned about internal brain drain since some states act as feeders and other states gain at their expense. States with better job opportunities such as Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka are gainers whereas traditionally backward states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan are losing human capital. In the south, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh are possibly losing out
workers to Karnataka and Maharashtra
Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India
No full textWith an urbanization level of 31.16 percent in 2011, India is the least urbanized country among the top 10 economies of the world. In addition, unlike other countries, the transition of workforce out of agriculture is incomplete. This coupled with jobless growth in recent years has contributed to an increase in certain migration streams. While rural-rural migration continues to be the largest in terms of magnitude, we also document an increase in two-way commuting across rural and urban areas. Further, there are a large number of short term migrants and an increase in return migration rate is also observed
Incidence of poor and poverty risk in India across NSS regions for rural and urban areas, 2004-05 and 2009-10
No full textThis note provides an estimate of incidence of poor and poverty risk in India across NSS regions for 2004-05 and 2009-10 in rural and urban areas. It raises concern on increasing poverty risk and also incidence of poor in some regions. These are not necessarily among the relatively worse-off CABMOUJ (kab mouj, referring to Chhattisgarh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand) states, but they also happen to be in some of the better performing states like Andhra
Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab
Local skill concentrations and district employment growth: A Spatial simultaneous equation approach for India
No full textThe focus of this paper is to explore the role of spatial distribution of skills in explaining differential growth rates of employment across Indian districts between the years 2001 and 2011 by using data from Census of India. To measure skills across districts, we use the skill-content of occupations and the occupational distribution of workers across districts. We then model employment and population growth simultaneously taking into account spatial correlation of the endogenous variables. We find that a one standard deviation increase in (cognitive) skills is associated with 0.52 standard deviation increase in the growth rate of male main workers and a 0.42 increase in the growth rate of male non-farm main workers. However, female employment has significantly decreased in initially skilled regions
Small farmers in India: Challenges and opportunities
No full textThis paper examines the roles and challenges of small holding agriculture in India. It covers
trends in agricultural growth, cultivation patterns, participation of small holding agriculture,
productivity performance of small holders, linking small holders with markets including
value chains, role of small holders in enhancing food security and employment generation,
differential policies and institutional support for small holders and, challenges and future
options for small holding agriculture including information needs. It also provides lessons
from the experience of India on small holding agriculture for other countries
Three blind men and elephant: The case of energy indices to measure energy security and sustainability
No full textAn 'Energy Index', which is aggregated from energy indicators is a rich source of information and is helpful in providing an assessment of a country's performance. This has, however, resulted in mushrooming of a plethora of indices, which claim to quantify the performance of a country in attaining the goal of energy security and energy sustainability.The paper attempts to compare three different indices, viz., 'Energy Sustainability Index', 'International Index of Energy Security Risk', 'Energy Architecture Performance Index' and their variants to establish whether they provide consistent
rankings for various countries. A comparative assessment reveals that different indices provide different country rankings, which are inconsistent, especially for countries which perform poorly. Further, the impact of minor methodological change in the composition of the index is different on different countries. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that countries which consistently rank in the top of the list of different indices have robust energy systems as they are insensitive to differences in construction of the index. However, the scores of countries which show poor performance vary widely and therefore their ranking is unreliable. This situation is akin to blind men groping the elephant with each one measuring a different part of the body (considering its huge size) and asserting their assessment of the animal's size only to be true. Therefore, while one's subjective experience may be true it may not be the totality of the truth. Similarly, although the ranking from each of the variants of the indices may be correct, they only present a part of the picture and not the whole picture of a country's energy security and sustainability. Hence, while various energy indices give relevant information, much more needs to be done, to examine energy security and sustainability with other relevant tools
Estimating workers' bargaining power and firms' Markup in India: Implications of reforms and labour regulations
No full textWe examine implications of industrial deregulations, trade liberalisation and labour regulations on workers' bargaining power and firms' markup in Indian manufacturing industries, using state-wise three-digit industry-level panel data for the period 1980-2007. Results of our econometric analysis suggest that both industrial deregulations and trade liberalisation led to significant declines in workers' bargaining power, which was already less than 6.7% on an average during pre-reform era. However, none of these reforms appears to have any significant effect on firms' markup. Our results also suggest that amendments to labour regulation by State governments, which aim to simplify procedures and reduce costs of industrial dispute resolutions, have a significant positive effect on workers' bargaining power. Surprisingly, amendments to Employment Protection Legislations do not appear to have any significant effect on workers' bargaining power. We also document considerable variation in firms' markup and workers' bargaining power across industry-groups and States
India's energy system transition-survival of the greenest
No full textThe transition to a clean and green energy system is an economic and social transformation that is exciting as well as challenging. The world today faces a formidable challenge in transforming its economy from being driven primarily by fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and a major source of global pollution, to becoming an economy that can function effectively using renewable energy sources and by achieving high energy efficiency levels. In the present study, a green economy scenario is
developed for India using a bottom-up approach. The results show that significant resource savings can be achieved by 2030 through the introduction of energy-efficient and green technologies. The building of a green energy economy can also serve another purpose: to develop new 'pathways out of poverty' by creating more than 10 million jobs and thus raise the standard of living of low-income people. The differences between the baseline and green energy scenarios are not so much the consequence of the diffusion of various technologies. It is the result of the active roles of different actors and the drivers that become dominant
Neighborhood and agricultural clusters across states of India
No full textIn this study we trace how number and members of income clusters have changed in Indian agriculture over the last four and a half decades. Two features which stand out in our results are that not all geographical neighbors belong to the same cluster and clusters include both geographical neighbors and non-neighbors. To identify the factors driving a pair of states to common cluster we then use a logit model and find that smaller is the relative difference between them in terms of mechanization, infrastructural support, deviations from normal rainfall and price differences, higher are the chances
that they will be in the same income cluster. Between contiguous and non-contiguous state pairs we find that apart from the common factors, smaller relative differences in irrigation support, rainfall and price differences additionally brings non-contiguous states together
Revival of rural PDS: Expansion and outreach
No full textUsing the recent rounds of NSS data, this paper evaluates the performance and outreach of India's public distribution system (PDS) in the rural areas. The results suggest a significant improvement in the performance of PDS in terms of its outreach and off take. States like Bihar and Jharkhand which were lagging behind earlier have shown a marked improvement. We find greater coverage and utilisation of the PDS by SCs and STs. Using a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR), we find that the share of PDS in total household consumption of rice and wheat has increased over the years, specially for the households in lower income brackets