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Development of a polymer resin immobilized catalysts for the oxidative transformation of ethylbenzene
No full textNew copper, manganese and vanadium based heterogeneous catalysts have been developed by the immobilization of pyridyl benzimidazole onto the polymer support. The active catalysts were characterized using CHN, FT-IR, DRS, EPR, AAS and EDX techniques and successfully used for the oxidative transformation of ethyl benzene. Metal loading in mmol per gram of resin in different catalysts was found to be 0.94-1.34. The catalytic potential of the synthesized catalysts was evaluated for the oxidation of ethylbenzene using hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant with undiminished efficiency profiles and good reusability (up to four cycles). Notably, no metal contamination in the final products was observed. The comparative evaluation revealed that the highest percentage conversion (82.8 %) and highest selectivity (82.5) for benzaldehyde formation was attained with manganese as catalyst using H2O2 as an oxidant. The mechanism of the oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of catalyst has also been proposed. The developed catalytic systems are operationally simple and environmentally clean
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their bioactivities
No full textSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous extracts from three Mongolian wild berries: blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), and sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae rhamnoides). The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses. UV-Vis peaks appeared at 410 nm (blueberry and lingonberry) and 445 nm (sea buckthorn). SEM showed spherical particles with average sizes of 32.36 ± 1.23 nm (Bb-AgNPs), 36.56 ± 7.86 nm (Lg-AgNPs), and 28.70 ± 1.38 nm (Sb-AgNPs). Zeta potential values ranged from −42.8 to −51.1 mV, indicating stable colloids. FTIR confirmed carboxylic acids, phenolics, and alcohols. Total phenolic contents were highest in blueberry extract (8.98 mg GAE/g). Bb-AgNPs showed notably higher antioxidant activity than the original extract. Both lingonberry extract and Lg-AgNPs demonstrated potential for antioxidant supplementation, with Lg-AgNPs also showing antibacterial properties
Study on the east gate and the layout of the platform buildings at the Shalz uul 1 site
Full text linkThis paper presents the results of archaeological surveys conducted at the Shalz Uul 1 site in Dornod Province, Mongolia, near the northeastern frontier of the Uyghur Khaganate. Excavations carried out between 2018 and 2024 revealed a highly standardised architectural complex comprising two central foundation platforms connected by an eaves corridor, forming an ‘H’-shaped layout. This configuration closely resembles those found at prominent Uyghur sites such as Khar Balgas and Por-Bajin, indicating the high status of the Shalz Uul 1 site. A uniquely constructed gate structure featuring well-frame-shaped ground beams was identified at the eastern entrance, marking the first known example of this type in the region. The architectural design and the roof tiles, based on typological analysis, suggest that the site dates to the early phase of the Uyghur Khaganate. However, radiocarbon dating of wooden components from the gate yielded earlier dates, which may indicate the reuse of older materials. The precise cause of this discrepancy remains unresolved. The absence of domestic artefacts from the central structures implies that the site was not used for residential purposes, but rather functioned as a ceremonial or administrative center. The site’s standardised layout, architectural sophistication, and strategic location on the border support the interpretation that it was a high-ranking regional facility intended to assert Uyghur authority over the Shiwei inhabiting the northeastern periphery of the Khaganate.
Шалз уулын шороон хэрэм-1 дурсгалын хэрмийн зүүн хаалга болон төв барилгын туурийн бүтэц, зохион байгуулалтын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Хураангуй. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Дорнод аймгийн Баяндун сумын нутаг, Улз голын хөндийд орших Шалз уулын шороон хэрэм-1 дурсгалд хийсэн археологийн малтлага судалгааны үр дүнг танилцуулж байна. Тус дурсгал Уйгурын хаант улсын зүүн хойд хилийн бүс нутгаас олдсон нь судалгааны өндөр ач холбогдолтой билээ. Судалгааны баг 2018–2024 он хүртэл шороон хэрмийн төв хэсэгт байх хоёр барилгын тууринд малтлага судалгааг хийсэн юм. Судалгааны үр дүнд энэхүү хоёр барилгын туурийг холбосон “H” хэлбэрийн хүзүүвчээр холбогдсон шаллагаа бүхий өндөр зэрэглэлийн ордны үлдэгдэл байсан бололтой. Энэхүү хэрмийн зохион байгуулалт бол Уйгурын нийслэл Хар балгас, Пор-Бажын зэрэг алдартай дурсгалын зохион байгуулалттай төстэй байгаа зэргээс үзвэл өндөр зэрэглэлийн орд харш байсныг илтгэж байна. Шороон хэрмийн зүүн талд байх хаалганы хэсэгт том модоор зангидаж хийсэн суурь дам нуруутай өвөрмөц хийц бүхий хаалганы бүтэц илэрсэн нь тухайн бүс нутагт анх удаа илэрч байгаа жишээ юм. Барилга архитектурын төлөвлөлт, дээврийн ваарын харьцуулсан ангилал зүйн судалгаа зэргийг үндэслэн үзвэл Уйгарын хаант улсын эхэн үед хамаарах бололтой. Гэвч хаалганы модны хэсгээс авсан нүүрстөрөгчийн (C14) он цагийн судалгааны үр дүн илүү эртний үеийг зааж байгаа нь хуучин модыг дахин ашиглагдсан байж болзошгүй. Одоогоор нарийвчлан тодорхойлох үр дүнд хараахан гараагүй тул цаашдын судалгааг хүлээх шаардлагатай юм. Төв барилгын тууриас ахуйн хэрэглээний эд өлгийн зүйл илрээгүй учир хүн байнга амьдардаг орд өргөө гэхээс илүүтэй ёслолын эсвэл засаг захиргааны төвийн үүрэгтэй байсан болов уу. Нэгдсэн зохион байгуулалт, архитектурын өндөр төвшин, стратегийн байршил зэргийг харгалзан үзвэл Уйгурын хаант улсын эхэн үеийн зүүн хойд, зүүн хил орчмын Шивэй, Татар аймгуудыг хянах зорилготой нутгийн захиргааны төв байж болзошгүй хэмээн урьдчилсан байдлаар таамаглаж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Шороон хэрэм, Түрэг, Уйгу
Prehistoric communities of the Altai and Gobi in the light of Mongolian-Polish research in south-central Mongolia
No full textThis article summarizes the results of research conducted by the Mongolian-Polish archaeological expedition in south-central Mongolia (Ömnögovĭ and Övorkhangai aimags) in the Gobi-Altai region between 2016 and 2025. The work focused on the complex of Paleolithic sites and a siliceous rock outcrop with lithic workshops, such as Tsakhiurtyn Hundi (Flint Valley). This research aimed to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and human adaptation to climate change in this area from the Last Glacial Period to the late Holocene
Paleolithic stone tools of Khovd River Valley: A techno-typological study from the surface collection
No full textThe Khovd River - the largest fluvial system originating from the glaciers of Altai Tavan Bogd peak of the Mongol Altai Mountains - played a significant role in the geomorphology and paleoenvironment of western Mongolia. Its extensive drainage basin encompasses broad intermontane valleys, gorges, and tectonic depressions situated between the high-altitude mountain ranges of the region. The area\u27s distinctive geological features, coupled with an abundance of diverse lithic resources, created an ecologically favorable setting for prehistoric human occupation which facilitated early technological and subsistence adaptations. Archaeological surveys conducted in the eastern part of the Mongol Altai Mountains have resulted to the discovery of numerous Stone Age sites. The majority of these sites are associated with the Upper Paleolithic period. These sites predominantly represent open-air sites, where lithic artifacts are distributed across the surface. This article presents the results of an analysis conducted on 53 lithic artifacts recently collected from the lower mouth of the Shijigt Gorge and the eastern bank of the Khovd River, located in Myangad soum, Khovd province. The artifacts contribute to the broader understanding of Paleolithic technological organization and raw material utilization in the region. When classified according to traditional methods of lithic analysis, the collected assemblage can be divided into two primary categories: core reduction (n=8 specimens) and tool production (n=45 specimens). Our observations indicate that early stone tool makers utilized locally abundant raw materials found in the river basin, including siliceous rocks, silicified sandstone, and pebbles, to manufacture their tools. A comparative analysis of the lithic assemblage also suggests that the artifacts can be chronologically attributed to a temporal span ranging from the late Lower Paleolithic to the late Upper Paleolithic period
Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Khairkhan-1 Cave in Zavkhan Aimag, Western Mongolia
No full textIn the western part of Mongolia stratified Paleolithic sites are still unknown. In the territory of Zavkhan aimag is located the Ikh-Khairkhan limestone massif. Here in 2023 the joint Russian-Mongolian archaeological expedition excavated the Khairkhan-1 cave on the area of 2 sq. ms. The depth of excavated sediments was 2 ms. Four main lithological layers were identified. Archaeological assemblages are contained in layers 1-3. The most abundant assemblage of layer 3 contains flake-based industry characterised by an overwhelming predominance of small flakes. The faunal assemblage of Layer 3 includes fragments of ostrich eggshells, bear, hare and horse bones. A rhinoceros tooth was found in Layer 3.1. In layer 4, bones of a pika, bear, and a fragment of an antelope jaw were found. Most likely, the formation of the upper part of the section up to layer 3.1. can be attributed to the early stages of the Holocene - final Pleistocene. Layers 3.1. and below, based on their faunal composition and sediment features, can be dated to the period of the last glacial maximum associated with climate aridization and increased aeolian activity. The collections obtained during the cave excavations have an archaic appearance and have no direct archaeological analogues in the Holocene complexes of Mongolia
Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and health risk analysis in landfill and agricultural soils
Full text linkThis study assesses heavy metal contamination levels and health risks for residents living near the Bang Ban landfill and surrounding agricultural areas. A microwave digestion extraction method, an analysis through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and health risk assessments for heavy metals, including cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, were conducted in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. Results indicated that cadmium levels in agricultural soil, as well as copper and nickel levels in landfill areas, exceeded the established standards. The sources of heavy metal contamination in the study area were primarily attributed to leachate from landfills and the application of chemicals in agricultural practices. While the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure leading to non-cancer-related diseases, as calculated through the Hazard Index, were within acceptable limits, the assessment of total carcinogenic risk indicated a potential risk
World Economic Changes, Dynamic Features and the Near Future
Full text linkThe world economy seems to have entered a stable development stage according to the current methodology for calculating GDP. However, researchers conclude that the world economy is still in a difficult and poly-perma crisis, and the pace of growth and expansion is likely to slow down. This is due to the geopolitical risks of the world powers, the external economic environment, and catastrophic events related to climate change. This situation is likely to continue in the near future. Researchers and scientists are now developing and proposing a new concept and paradigm called inclusive (productive, profitable, accessible) wealth economy in order to clarify and clarify the positive and negative impacts of economic activity on human and social life, to adjust information and indicators to reality, and to simplify economic calculations.
Дэлхийн Эдийн Засгийн өөрчлөлт, динамикийн онцлогууд, ойрын ирээдүйн төлөв
Хураангуй: Дэлхийн эдийн засаг ДНБ-ий тооцооллын өнөөгийн аргачлалаар тогтвортой хөгжлийн шатандаа шилжин орсон мэт харагдана. Гэвч дэлхийн эдийн засаг эдүгээ мөн л хүндрэлтэй, полиперма хямралд өртсөн бөгөөд өсөлт тэлэлтийн хурдац удаашрах хандлагатай болсон хэмээн судлаачид дүгнэж байна. Үүнд дэлхийн улс гүрнүүдийн геополитикоос үндэслэлтэй эдийн засгийн гадаад орчны эрсдэлт нөхцөл байдал болон цаг уурын өөрчлөлтөөс хамаарах гамшигт үзэгдлүүд нөлөөлж буй. Энэхүү нөхцөл байдал ойрын ирээдүйд ч үргэлжлэх магадлалтай. Судлаачид эрдэмтэд, эдүгээ хүн нийгмийн амьдралд эдийн засгийн үйл ажиллагааны эерэг ба сөрөг нөлөөллийг ойлгомжтой, тодорхой болгох болон мэдээлэл, үзүүлэлтүүдийг бодит байдалтай тохируулах, эдийн засгийн тооцооллыг хялбарчлах зорилгоор инклюзив (бүтээмжтэй, өгөөжтэй, хүртээмжтэй) баялгийн эдийн засаг хэмээх шинэ ойлголт, парадигмийг боловсруулан дэвшүүлж байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: Эдийн засгийн өөрчлөлт, динамик, геополитика, инклюзив эдийн заса
Development and technology study of combination tablet formulations
Full text linkSeasonal transitions weaken the human immune system, increasing susceptibility to influenza and influenza-like illnesses. These illnesses are caused by viruses that damage the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, resulting in symptoms such as fever, sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and headache. Severe cases can lead to complications, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. Combination drugs containing ibuprofen, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and chlorpheniramine maleate effectively manage these conditions. However, tablet formulations with this combination are not yet available in our country. Consequently, we aimed to develop a manufacturing protocol for such a formulation in a domestic pharmaceutical facility and assess its quality. The wet granulation method prepared tablets contain ing the aforementioned combination. Several formula tions were developed and evaluated based on quality parameters specified in the Mongolian Pharmacopoe ia-National Formulary (MP-NF). The Hausner ratio and Carr’s index for formulations A1 (1.13 and 15, respectively), A3 (1.14 and 14.2), and A5 (1.15 and 15.7) indicated “good” flow properties and high compressibility, enabling successful tableting. Formulations A2 and A4 exhibited Hausner ratios of 1.23 and 1.18 and Carr’s indices of 23.5 and 18.9, respectively, reflecting “fair” flow properties and poor compressibility. Tablets could not be compressed from formulation A2 due to granule fragmentation. The successfully compressed formulations (A1, A3, A4, and A5) met all quality criteria stipulated in the Mongolian Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary (MP NF), including appearance, average weight, weight variation, hardness, and disintegration time. A2 was unsuitable for compression among the five formulations due to granule breakage. The remaining formulations (A1, A3, A4, and A5) demonstrated acceptable compression properties, with formulations A1 and A3 showing the shortest disintegration times (3 and 4 minutes, respectively). These findings suggest that formulations A1 and A3 are the most promising candidates for further development
Correction to: Science policy at the crossroads of global change research: Mongolia in Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 61(03), 1–15.
No full textIn the original publication one of the Enkhamgalan Damiran’s proper affiliation requested to change. The new affiliation for Enkhamgalan Damiran changed as follows
“Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia” to the 4th affiliation and “School of Governance and Management, National Academy of Governance, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia to the 1th affiliation”
The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Co-authors.
The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v61i03.181