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Translative Adaptation of Foreign Skills Formation Models ―Enhancing the Hands‐on Approach for Co‐creative Partnerships―
No full textIn industrial development, developing countries often face the challenge of adjusting models initially designed for developed countries—such as those for skills formation—to fit their own economic, social, and institutional contexts. This highlights the importance of translative adaptation, because a model or concept may change its meaning when applied in a different cultural or institutional setting.
Translative adaptation involves three interrelated processes: learning, adaptation, and scaling up. The analysis of five case studies confirms the importance of mindset, including a strong sense of ownership, throughout the process. It also reveals that the progress of translative adaptation varies depending on whether local counterparts have experienced or acquired the key enabling factors needed to sustain the adaptation process. These include: (i) self- and mutual learning; (ii) constructive clashes of opinion and healthy competition; and (iii) early government involvement and innovation.
Development cooperation provided through a hands-on approach and based on an in-depth analysis of local characteristics is likely to promote translative adaptation. However, it does not always guarantee that counterparts go through all three stages of the translative adaptation process. To enhance a hands-on approach, five measures are recommended: (i) providing both formal and informal learning opportunities; (ii) adopting flexible intervention strategies throughout project implementation; (iii) embracing, but reconciling clashes of opinion between counterparts and experts; (iv) designing project activities that generate small successes; and (v) promoting mutual learning and communities of practice.articl
Impacts of Management Training of Rice Millers on their Business Performance: Evidence from the Senegal River Valley
No full textThis study examines the impact of a management training program implemented by a JICA project on the performance of rice millers in the Senegal River Valley. Using panel data of 90 millers that commenced operations prior to the project, we apply a difference-in-differences approach to assess changes in equipment and facility use, paddy procurement, marketing, and business performance. Results show that trained small-scale millers were more likely to invest in graders, moisture meters, and storage facilities. In addition, they increased volumes of paddy procurement and tended to sell rice in urban markets. However, improvements in profitability were limited, which we attribute to higher procurement costs and insignificant increases in the sales price. Heterogeneity analysis reveals an inverse U-shaped relationship between initial miller size and training impact, with the strongest effects observed among medium-scale millers with milling capacities of 2–3 t/h. These findings suggest that capacity-building efforts should target medium-scale operators and include policies to promote investment in milling capacity. This study contributes to the literature on rice value chain upgrading in sub-Saharan Africa and offers practical insights for designing more effective training interventions in the rice milling sector.departmental bulletin pape
Lagging Agricultural Development in Africa and the Way Forward: Progress and Challenges for the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)
Full text link■ Agricultural development has been subject to significant delays in Africa. Although a target of annual agriculture sector growth is 6%, it has consistently stagnated at around 2-3%. And the undernourished population has increased since 2014. This policy note analyses the progress of the CAADP, a flagship program promoted by the African Union (AU), at the continental, regional economic communities (RECs) and national levels. Drawing on Amameishi (2024), it discusses challenges in CAADP that hinder agricultural development in Africa and proposes measures to accelerate its progress.
■ The analysis finds that although many documents and frameworks necessary for promoting CAADP have been prepared, effective actions on respective development issues have not yet been adequately implemented. In other words, insufficient priority has been placed on the implementation stage, contributing to the stagnation of agricultural development.
■ In order to get agricultural development on track as planned, it is necessary to (a) strengthen political leadership to focus on achieving results and promote actions necessary for the implementation stage, (b) clarify the targets to be achieved, and (c) build the capacity for implementation to achieve results.
■ In recent years, various challenges have emerged in the agricultural sector in Africa, such as climate change and fragility caused by regional conflicts. At the forthcoming Ninth Tokyo International Conference for African Development (TICAD 9), to be held in 2025, it is strongly hoped that agricultural development will be included as an urgent priority issue. AU, African governments and development agencies are required to give the highest priority to implementing measures for future agricultural development and food security in Africa.articl
Trust and Social Networks: Evidence from a Household Survey in Cambodia
No full textThis study investigates the relationship between community trust and social networks in Cambodia, using data from a household survey conducted across Phnom Penh and six provinces in 2021. As key components of social capital, trust and social networks play a vital role in economic participation and community cohesion, particularly in developing economies where formal institutions may be weaker. The analysis focuses on three dimensions of trust—trust in neighbors, trust in community safety, and trust in community leaders. These three dimensions are measured through respondents’ answers to survey questions. For example, trust in neighbors is assessed by asking whether most people in the community can be trusted, with options ranging from “no” to “all.” Comparable scales are used for trust in community safety and trust in community leaders. Social networks, which reflect the extent of household engagement in community activities, are measured through four dimensions—frequency of visits to neighbors, participation in community groups, attendance at community events, and frequency of meals with non-household members. The analyses reveal that higher levels of trust are significantly associated with stronger social networks. Specifically, even at its low levels, trust in neighbors is positively associated with social networks. Trust in community safety, trust in community leaders, and financial inclusion (i.e., borrowing from microfinance institutions) are positively correlated with social networks when their levels are high. Additionally, female-headed households tend to have weaker social networks, whereas farmer-headed and rural households show stronger social networks, likely due to the communal nature of agricultural activities. These findings have important policy implications, particularly in strengthening community trust, addressing gender disparities, and leveraging rural networks to enhance social networks and, eventually, social capital.departmental bulletin pape
Livelihood diversification through Farmer Field School: Exploring the way to advance climate resilience in arid and semi-arid lands of East Africa
Full text link■Arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) in East Africa are vulnerable to recurrent climate-related shocks,
including droughts and floods.
■Livelihood diversification is recognized as an effective strategy for reducing the impact of various
shocks and mitigating associated risks.
■A case study from Kenya shows a higher degree of livelihood diversification among households that
participated in a Farmer Field School (FFS)—an agricultural extension approach emphasizing
farmers’ empowerment—compared to similar households that did not participate.
■Furthermore, households with more diversified livelihoods experienced lower levels of loss from
recent droughts and crop losses from pests and diseases compared to those with similar
characteristics, apart from fewer livelihood options.
■The case study demonstrates the importance of empowering rural households to make adaptive
decisions, thereby enhancing resilience against climate-related shocks.
■The study also highlights the need for more studies on the effects of FFS on livelihood diversification,
as well as comparative analyses of alternative livelihood strategies across various contexts and
scenariosarticl
デジタル不平等（Digital Inequality）に関する考察：人間の安全保障の視点から
Full text link20世紀末からインターネットの普及が進むにつれて、デジタル空間への接続の有無に格差を見出すデジタル・ディバイド（digital divide）が注目されるようになった。その後、社会のあらゆる機能のデジタル化が加速度的に進展するなか、人びとのデジタル技術の利活用における差異に着目した「デジタル不平等（digital inequality）」が、今日において盛んに研究されている。本稿では、デジタル化を推進する上での課題としてデジタル・ディバイドから発展したデジタル不平等を取り上げ、デジタル不平等がどのような特徴を有した脅威なのか、誰がその脅威にさらされているのか、近年の研究を人間の安全保障の視点から整理する。articl
Issues in Intangible Assets and Their Implications on Policy in Developing Economies
Full text linkThis paper discusses the importance of intangible assets and their implications on policy in developing countries. Intangible assets refer to assets that lack physical form but hold value for companies and nations, such as patents, brand value, know-how, and software. In advanced economies, where information and knowledge are becoming increasingly important factors in economic activity, intangible assets are considered growth drivers, equal to or even more significant than physical assets. Intangible assets are expected to become essential for the development of lower-income countries as well, though this discussion remains in its early stages. This study explains the fundamental nature of intangible assets and their role in the economy, providing a brief review of the assets recorded in the firms of developing countries. Expecting that intangible assets will play a more prominent role in driving the economies of developing countries, a shift in development policies will be necessary across a wide range of areas including trade and macro-financial policies, corporate human capital investment strategies, intellectual property rights protection, social policies, and institutional governance. The role of international coordination and cooperation as well as the areas for further research should also be addressed.本稿では、無形資産の重要性と発展途上国にとっての政策的な示唆について論じる。無形資産とは、特許、ブランド価値、ノウハウ、ソフトウェアなど、物理的な形を持たないが企業や国家にとって価値を持つ資産を指す。情報や知識が経済活動においてますます重要な要素となっている先進国では、無形資産は物理的資産と同等か、それ以上に重要な成長ドライバーと考えられている。無形資産の役割は、低所得国の発展にも不可欠になると期待されているが、この議論はまだ初期段階にある。本研究では、発展途上国の企業データにも触れつつ、無形資産の基本的な性質と経済におけるその役割について、議論する。無形資産が途上国経済の牽引役としてより重要な役割を果たすことが期待される中、貿易政策やマクロ金融政策、企業の人的資本投資戦略、知的財産権保護、社会政策、制度的ガバナンスなど、幅広い分野にわたって開発政策の転換が必要となる。また、国際協調・協力の役割や今後のさらなる研究への取り組みも重要である。departmental bulletin pape
複合危機下における世銀改革の背景と過程 ―米国政府の対外政策の影響と世銀の対応―
No full text気候変動やパンデミックなどの影響で、世界的な貧困削減と繁栄の共有の進捗は大きく停滞し、SDGs達成も多くの指標で困難とされる中、開発資金ニーズの拡大に対応するため、2021年のG20議長国イタリアの下でMDBsの融資能力を高める方策の検討が始まった。地球規模課題への対処を米国の対外政策上の重要なアジェンダの一つと位置づけたバイデン政権は、2022年秋以降、国際場裏において世銀・MDBs改革をリードする役割を果たした。本稿では、世銀・MDBs改革が求められた背景について、開発上の課題、G20での取り組み、そして主要なMDBsの最大出資国である米国の問題意識を考察した上で、世銀がどのように改革の具体化、各施策の導入・実施を図ったかについてその過程を明らかにする。
2022年10月のIMF・世銀年次総会において、日米を含め世銀Gの出資国は、世銀Gの経営陣に改革ロードマップの作成を要請し、その後、ビジョン・ミッション、業務モデル、金融モデル・能力の3分野で検討が進められた。それから2年半の間に、気候変動やパンデミックなど世界が直面する地球規模課題に対し、世銀が“a better, bigger and more effective”（より良く、より大きく、より効果的）に対応できる組織となるため、様々な取り組みが検討・実施された。
他方、2025年1月にトランプ第2次政権が発足し、就任直後から、バイデン大統領の国際協調重視の対外政策から大きく方針転換し、「アメリカ・ファースト」の姿勢を打ち出した。執筆時点においてトランプ第2次政権の公式的な外交方針などはまだ明らかになっていないものの、少なくとも世銀については、「アメリカ・ファースト」の文脈での有用性を認識し、引き続き関与する姿勢を示している。また、世銀もトランプ政権の関心事項に十分に配慮し、ナラティブの中心を従来の地球規模課題への対処から雇用創出にシフトさせるなどの対応を取ることで、米国政府の関与の継続に成功していると言える。research repor
The relocation of the capital of Indonesia under the Jokowi administration: Issues and government responses
Full text linkIndonesia is in the process of relocating its capital from Jakarta to Nusantara (Ibu Kota Nusantara; IKN). According to extant research, Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, the ex-president, has passionately pushed forward the capital relocation in a short time to add to his political legacy. However, few studies have extensively reviewed the issues of this capital relocation and the ways in which Jokowi addressed these issues and promoted the unprecedented, ambitious project. Therefore, this knowledge report aims to review the major issues related to relocation and the concrete approach that the Jokowi administration took to address these issues by reviewing extant academic papers and web-based local newspapers. This report reviews previous discussions on environmental, social, and financial issues, and the issue of the continuity of government leadership for capital relocation. The report also showed that Jokowi responded to these issues with strong leadership by providing countermeasures and advertising the benefits of capital relocation through various events and statements.research repor
