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Chronic stretching during two weeks of immobilization decreases loss of girth, peak torque, and dorsiflexion ROM
Context: Chronic plantarflexor (PF) stretching during ankle immobilization helps preserve calf girth, plantarflexion peak torque, and ankle dorsiflexion (DF) motion. Immobilization can lead to decreases in muscle peak torque, muscle size, and joint ROM. Recurrent static stretching during a period of immobilization may reduce the extent of these losses.
Objective: To investigate the effects of chronic static stretching on PF peak torque, calf girth, and DF range of motion (ROM) after two weeks of ankle immobilization.
Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: Thirty-six healthy college-aged (19.81±2.48) females. Interventions: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group, immobilized group (IM), and immobilized plus stretching group (IM+S). Each group participated in a familiarization period, a pre-test, and, two weeks later, a post-test. The IM group and IM+S group wore the Aircast FP Walker for two weeks on the left leg. During this time, the IM+S group participated in a stretching program, which consisted of two 10-minute stretching procedures each day for the 14 days.
Main Outcome Measures: One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the change of ankle girth, PF peak torque, and DF ROM between groups with an α level of < 0.05.
Results: A significant difference was noted between groups in girth (F2,31 =5.64, P=0.009), DF ROM (F2,31 =26.13, P<0.0001), and PF peak torque (F2,31 =7.74, P=0.002). Post-hoc testing also showed a significance difference between change in calf girth of the control group compared to the IM group (P=0.007) and a significant difference in change of peak torque in the IM+S group and the IM group (P=0.001). Also, a significant difference was shown in DF ROM between the control group and IM+S group (P=0.006), the control group and the IM group (P<0.0001), and the IM+S group and the IM group (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Chronic static stretching during two weeks of immobilization may decrease the loss of calf girth, ankle PF peak torque, and ankle DF ROM
Magical Mathematical Connections with the Borda Voting Method
We examine the Borda voting method, which has numerous interesting mathematical properties. We determine when a candidate can win a Borda election with all i-th place votes and present a method of constructing ballots that yield such a victory
Taking Action on Usability Testing Findings: Simmons College Library Case Study
Simmons College Library conducted usability testing to observe how students retrieve full text when using Library Search, its discovery service system. Testing was conducted as a collaborative study with EBSCO User Research. This testing found that students expect direct access to full text, have an unfavorable impression of Interlibrary Loan (ILL), and are unsure about which links provide direct access to full text. Steps taken by the library in response to the findings include local customization of discovery service system, improvements to ILL messaging, updates to user education, and requested vendor updates. Certain choices that had already been made by the library were also validated by study findings
Opportunities through Open Access: A Small Liberal Arts College Perspective
As small liberal arts colleges are forced to expand programming, often without a corresponding increase in funding, libraries are looking for creative ways to support their growing communities efficiently, while being mindful of budgetary restrictions or reductions. Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of Open Access (OA) books, journals, and educational resources. Bringing OA materials into your collection development strategy not only has the potential to alleviate budgetary issues by enhancing the resources available for paid subscriptions and reducing staff workloads, but can also encourage research and serve as a gateway to learning more about copyright and Creative Commons concepts
On the Complexity of Exclusion Algorithms for Optimization
Exclusion algorithms are a well-known tool in the area of interval analysis for finding all solutions of a system of nonlinear equations or for finding the global minimum of a function over a compact domain. The present paper discusses a new class of tests for such algorithms in the context of global optimization and presents complexity results concerning the resulting algorithms