Atom Indonesia (E-Journal)
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Customization of Source Term into JRODOS Compatible XML File Format Using Visual Basic for Nuclear Accident Analysis
No full textA Visual Basic code was developed to generate an XML file in the RODOS format from the provided source term data in Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. This XML file can be directly used in JRODOS (Java-based Real-time On-line Decision Support) platform. A simple source term model was used to check the applicability of the code. Finally, the code was successfully implemented to reproduce the JRODOS-formatted XML file for a detailed Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accidental scenario. This code simplifies a vital analysis step, which would otherwise be very cumbersome, especially for a complex source term scenario involving many radionuclides, release intervals, and release heights of a nuclear accident
Dosimetric Evaluation of Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) Beams in the Male Pelvic Region Using Geant4/TOPAS
No full textThe CLEAR (CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research) facility has significantly advanced high-energy electron radiotherapy, particularly for treating deep-seated tumors. However, achieving precise and accessible treatment delivery while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues remains challenging. Very High Energy Electrons Beam (VHEE) offer notable potential due to their deep penetration capabilities. However, their nearly uniform dose distribution raises concerns about unintended exposure to healthy tissues. A key innovation in this field is the use of focused VHEE beams, which deliver a concentrated dose to a small defined area at a high dose rate, potentially enhancing treatment precision. This study evaluates the dosimetric characteristics of focused VHEE beams compared to collimated beams using GEANT4/TOPAS Monte Carlo simulations. A beamline with two quadrupole magnet triplets was designed to focus VHEE beams on a water phantom, simulating clinical conditions. The findings show that focused VHEE beams increased the dose to the prostate by 5.24 % while significantly reducing the dose to adjacent organs at risk: 16.93 % to the bladder, 50.81 % to the rectum, and 68.75 % to the femoral heads. These reductions highlight the dosimetric advantage of focused VHEE beams in sparing non-targeted tissues. While these results underscore the potential benefits of focused VHEE beams for deep-seated tumor treatment, additional research, including clinical validation and patient-specific modeling, is essential to fully evaluate their clinical utility. This study lays the groundwork for optimizing VHEE beam applications in cancer therapy by demonstrating improved dose delivery accuracy and reduced risk to adjacent organs
Safety Assessment of TENORM Waste Landfill on Bangka Island Using Resrad Offsite 4.0
No full textBangka Island faced serious environmental challenges due to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) waste from tin mining activities. The waste contained radionuclides such as U-238, Th-232, and K-40, which could have had detrimental effects on human health and the environment. To solve this problem, TENORM waste should be disposed of in the class II landfill facility. The Class II landfill was more efficient by cost than the Class I landfill. The landfill design provide a waste contamination layer with dimensions of 160 × 160 × 3 meters. This landfill class has 5 layers from top to bottom cover layers such as the contamination or waste layer, protective coating layer, layer for collecting and transferring, geomembrane layer, soil barrier layer, leak detection system layer, and base layer, which each layer was intended to safeguard against contamination. These protective layers were required to adhere to precise specifications regarding material, thickness, and hydraulic conductivity to effectively manage waste and leachate. Additionally, the base layer consisted of compacted clay, designed to regulate hydraulic conductivity and offer sustained environmental protection. This paper will discuss the radiological safety assessment of this landfill design. This design was modeled using Resrad Offsite 4.0 software to assess its radiation safety in order to fulfill landfill safety requirements. The simulation results showed a maximum radiation dose of 0.40537 mSv per year at a distance of 200 meters from the landfill center, which was estimated to persist for 29,265 years after the landfill was closed. The cancer risk probability was estimated to be 4.25 × 10⁻⁴. More importantly, this dose was still below the safe limit set by BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) for public radiation exposure, which is 1 mSv per year. The class II landfill design, based on the simulation results, was safe for public health and the environment
Verification of Breast Cancer Treatment Planning with Various Radiation Techniques Using Monte Carlo Simulations and Linac Log Files
No full textDue to the complexity of radiotherapy techniques, rigorous Patient-Specific Quality Assurance (PSQA) is crucial to ensure the accuracy of treatment plans. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Treatment Planning System (TPS) by comparing its dose distribution calculations with those obtained from the PRIMO Monte Carlo simulation. Treatment plans for 3D-CRT, IMRT, and VMAT were generated for a Rando breast phantom using the TPS. Subsequently, the dose distributions from the TPS were compared with those obtained from the PRIMO Monte Carlo simulation. Key metrics, including Homogeneity Index (HI) and Conformity Index (CI), were calculated to assess the quality of dose distribution. Furthermore, the dose constraints on OARs were evaluated to assess the impact on surrounding healthy tissues. To further validate the TPS, dose distributions from the linac log file (Dynalog) for VMAT were reconstructed within the PRIMO environment. These reconstructed distributions were then compared with the dose distributions calculated directly by the TPS. Gamma index analysis was employed to evaluate the agreement between these two sets of data. The comparison between TPS and Monte Carlo simulations revealed that 3D-CRT plans exhibited smaller deviations in HI and CI compared to IMRT and VMAT plans. However, a significant improvement in HI and CI values was observed in both IMRT planning simulations and Dynalog VMAT file simulations, indicating enhanced plan quality. The dose received by OARs in all treatment plans remained within the acceptable dose thresholds, demonstrating effective sparing of surrounding healthy tissues. For the PSQA procedure, the 3D-CRT technique is still the safest due to its lower level of complexity compared to IMRT and VMAT. More complex treatments should consider the robustness of treatment transfer information from TPS to linac to avoid dosimetry errors
Exploring the Effect of Different Scanning Protocols on the Modulation Transfer Function
No full textThe Iterative Reconstruction (IR) algorithm can enhance image quality and reduce patient dose. This study aims to evaluate the in-plane resolution (X- and Y-), in association with different IR and filtered back projection (FBP), on three different Computed Tomography (CT) scanners: General Electric (GE), Philips, and Siemens. Uniform water phantoms were scanned using 35 milligrays (mGy) and 65 (mGy and then reconstructed using 2- and 5-millimetre (mm) slice thicknesses. Images were reconstructed using the iterative Beam Hardening Correction (iBHC), Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE), 4th generation hybrid statistical iterative reconstruction proposed by philips (iDose4), Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Adaptive Statistical iterative Reconstruction (ASiR-V), Weighted Filtered Back Projection (WFBP), Best Contrast or Brain Contrast algorithm (BC). All images were analysed using IndoQCT software. Automated Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) measurement was used to describe in-plane resolution. From the Siemens CT scanner findings, MTF at 10 % (MTF10) was increased by applying the iBHC algorithm from 0.52 to 0.57, but MTF10 of SAFIRE and WFBP showed no difference. For the Philips CT scanner, the iDose4 technique did not affect MTF10 compared to FBP, while the post-processing by BC decreases MTF10 from 0.5 to 0.49. For the GE CT scanner, the MTF is affected by radiation dose, while the ASiR-V MTF curve had no difference compared to FBP, with the highest MTF10 value of 0.67 for 35 mGy protocol compared to 0.64 for 65 mGy protocol. The image resolution is affected by CT dose and the use of reconstruction algorithms. These associated parameters may enhance or reduce image resolution
Source Identification Performance of Plastic Scintillator Ranging from 100–1300 keV: Assessment Through Monte Carlo Code and Experimental Validation
No full textCurrent plastic detectors need improvement in efficiency and accuracy, to enhance reliability. Simulation offers a cost-effective approach to accelerate detector development, yet its effectiveness relies on the reliability of the simulations used. Therefore, validating these simulations is crucial to ensure they accurately reflect actual scenarios and yield reliable results. This study employs the Monte Carlo approach to estimate the performance and efficiency of a plastic detector exposed to radiation sources within the 100–1300 keV energy range. The plastic detector (50 mm x 3 mm) was simulated using MCNP with Gaussian Energy Broadening (GEB) correction applied to capture detector response. Simulated data were then compared against experimental measurements to validate the model. This work aims to confirm that simulation results align with empirical data, ensuring theoretical models accurately represent physical phenomena. The study highlights both the limitations and strengths of simulation codes, leading to more efficient research through validated models. Notably, an 8.04 % deviation was observed at 662 keV for 137Cs, demonstrating a strong correlation between simulated and experimental results and confirming the model’s accuracy and reliability
Radial Sensitivity of the Nuclear Shell Structure at N=92
No full textThe nuclear ground-state properties of Sm isotopes are calculated and analyzed using an improved mass formula. The asymmetric energy term is consistently observed, separated into a volume and surface component. While distinctive signatures for certain isotopes remain elusive, the results show reasonable agreement with experimental data and well-established theoretical models such as the Relativistic-Continuum-Hartree-Bogoliubov (RCHB) and the Finite Range Droplet Model (FRDM). By utilizing a root-mean-square (rms) charge radius formula that incorporates both shell and deformation effects, the study provides new insights into the anomalous shifts observed in magic isotopes (N=82, N=126), as well as in N=92, 136, and 144 within the isotopic series of the "Sm" element
Strategic Intelligence Analysis in The Integration of National Defense Components to Counter The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism in Indonesia
No full textThe development of nuclear science presents multifaceted benefits across diverse sectors, including energy, health, construction, agriculture, and food production. However, the proliferation of nuclear technology introduces the complex challenge of dual-use, encompassing both constructive applications and potential misuse for nefarious purposes such as terrorism. Indonesia, like many nations, faces this dual-use dilemma, necessitating robust defense mechanisms to safeguard against nuclear terrorism threats. This study aims to investigate and enhance Indonesia's defense system against nuclear terrorism by emphasizing integration and strategic intelligence within its defense components. The primary objective is to analyze the integration and coordination mechanisms among the main, supporting, and reserve components of Indonesia's defense system to strengthen strategic analysis and intelligence efforts in combating nuclear terrorism threats. Through a qualitative research methodology employing an analytical approach, data collection encompasses expert interviews, observations, and an extensive literature review. The study identifies various threat risks and potential initiators of nuclear terrorism attacks, highlighting the critical role of integrated defense components in addressing these threats effectively. Findings reveal the indispensable roles of the main, supporting, and reserve components in executing intelligence functions, including investigation, security, and information gathering, to mitigate the threat of nuclear terrorism. Despite their distinct roles, these components require seamless integration and coordination to maximize strategic analysis efforts and intelligence sharing. The research identifies several constraints hindering the effective implementation of integration and strategic intelligence within Indonesia's defense components. These constraints necessitate targeted improvements to enhance the nation's capability to mitigate the threat of nuclear terrorism effectively. In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of integration and strategic intelligence within Indonesia's defense system to confront the evolving threat landscape of nuclear terrorism. By addressing research gaps and proposing actionable recommendations, this research contributes to strengthening Indonesia's defense posture against nuclear terrorism, thereby ensuring national security and global stability
Investigation of Dose Effect of ICRP110 Male and Female Head Phantoms During BNCT and PBFT by Monte Carlo Simulations
No full textBoron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) and Proton Boron Fusion Therapy (PBFT) are of great interest in the field of radiation oncology. These treatment methods may offer different advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of tissue involved, as well as the location and size of the cancerous area. In this study, radiation dose effect of BNCT and PBFT on the brain, one of the most sensitive organs of the human body, was examined comparatively, based on the ICRP110 male and female head phantom models by using GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, some necessary LET (Linear Energy Transfer) calculations are also presented in the article. Dose, LET and Energy deposition values of GEANT4 calculations were presented for BNCT and PBFT therapies in details for male and female phanthom comparatively