International Journal of Contemporary Dental and Medical Reviews
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Solution methods of instrumentation related complications in endodontic treatment
Get PDFBackground: Endodontics is a skill that requires the use of precision instruments in tight spaces and is a complex discipline often underestimated by clinicians and patients. Inevitably, this will lead to complications. Complications encountered during endodontic treatment occur during diagnosis, anesthesia, cleaning, and shaping of the root canals and filling the root canals. Complications can occur at any stage of treatment. The various procedures associated with root canal treatment can be divided into three treatment phases: Pre-operative, operative, and post-operative. Since endodontic complications may occur at any of the pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative stages, complications that may develop are also classified in the same way. Aim: In this review, operative complications including instrument fracture, ledge formation, canal obstruction, apical transportation, and strip perforation that may occur during canal preparation in endodontic treatment are discussed. Conclusion: Technological developments in endodontics have revealed methods and instruments enable successful treatment of calcified root canals, severe canal curvatures, ledges, resorption defects, perforations, and broken canal instruments without complications. Clinical Significance: Therefore, the physician should always be ready to manage complications. The task of the physician is to know how to avoid potential complications and how to manage complications that may arise during treatment
Object localization technique in dentistry – A review
Get PDFBackground: A dental radiograph is a two-dimensional view for a three-dimensional object present in the jaws. Many times diagnosis becomes difficult for a clinician due to the impacted teeth, supernumerary tooth, or foreign objects. These objects can be localized using various techniques using periapical radiograph, orthopantomograph, and advanced imaging techniques. Tube shift technique, right angle technique, magnification method, vertex occlusal method, stereoscopy, panoramic localization, lateral skull, and posteroanterior view are various techniques which have been used to locate objects. It becomes important for every dentist to know about each technique and its indications. There is a scarcity in the literature which reviews various techniques of object localization. Thus, this article reviews various techniques of object localization in dentistry. Aim: This study aims to review on various techniques used for object localization in dentistry and its indications. Conclusion: Object localization technique is an easy, convenient, cost effective. This article gives an insight regarding various techniques used since past and its applicability in various indications. Clinical Significance: Object localization technique can be applied by a dentist in a day-to-day practice, rather exposing the patient to the advanced screening methods
Complementary therapy for periodontal diseases: Antimicrobials and antioxidants
Get PDFBackground: It is a well-known fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal diseases. Antioxidants are the molecules that inhibit oxidation reaction and thereby terminate the chain reaction caused by free radicals, hence preventing cell damage. There are multiple sources of antioxidants which include cereals, fruits, vegetables, chocolate, oils, and beverages such as tea, coffee, wine, and fruit juices. The periodontal tissues require an optimum level of antioxidants to prevent as well as to reduce tissue damage caused by ROS generated by pathogenic bacteria in dental plaque. Recent studies have started focussing on the use of antioxidants in the treatment of periodontal diseases as well as to maintain gingival health. Aim: Earlier studies that investigated the effects of antioxidants on periodontal diseases have demonstrated that antioxidants have anti-inflammatory properties. Although numerous studies demonstrated the relationship between antioxidants and periodontal diseases, the number of studies in humans is limited. The present review discusses the importance of antioxidants and antimicrobials in maintaining periodontal health and hence, their role as a complementary therapy in periodontal diseases. Conclusion: Dietary antioxidants play a key role in the maintenance of oral health and have the potential to influence periodontal disease management, which positively affects clinical outcomes. Thus, obtaining enough antioxidants through our diet to promote healthier tissues is essential to reduce the unwanted effects of free radicals. This explains the indispensable role of dietary antioxidants in periodontal health. Clinical Significance: The application of antioxidants and antimicrobials in periodontal therapies has opened a new window for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. There is supporting evidence from multiple studies that an increased intake of antioxidants in the daily diet reduces the risk of several chronic diseases. Oxidative stress is an essential factor in periodontitis and studying the antioxidant defense mechanisms helps in better understanding of underlying tissue damage mechanisms and hence, novel therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the daily intake of natural antioxidants is recommended for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis
A literature review of pandemic novel coronavirus disease 2019 and potential drugs treatment
Get PDFBackground: Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to a family that comes under the order “Nidovirales.” Nidovirales order includes the viruses that use a nested set of mRNAs for their replication. CoV disease 2019 (COVID)-19 is a βCoV-2, CoV of the same subgenus as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, but in a different clad. The constitution of the receptor-binding gene region is very like to that of the SARS-CoV, and the virus has been demonstrated to utilize the same receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, for entrance into respiratory cells. There are presently no drugs or vaccinations that are known to be successful for SARS-CoV-2 management or preventing the spread as per various major health officials. Aim: This review describes various drug treatment options available against COVID-19. It focuses on the use virology of SARS-COV2, potential drugs that can be utilized to treat COVID-19 infection, their dosages, advantages, side effects, and indications. Conclusion: As there are no definitive treatment modes accessible to cure SARS-COV2 infection to this date, drug repurposing can provide effective tool to combat against COVID-19 until definitive drugs or vaccines discovered to treat SARS-CoV2 infection. Various antiviral, antiparasitic, and antimalarial drugs, antibodies, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, melatonin hormone, etc., are effective to reduce viral load of COVID-19. Clinical Significance: Drug repurposing and previous or recent clinical experiences with CoV infection provide an efficient weapon to COVID-19 infection. They are effective in not only reducing viral load of COVID-19 infection but also minimize the symptoms related to SARS
Differences in prosthodontic modalities between diabetics and non-diabetics: A systematic review
Get PDFObjective: The main purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patient’s management strategies from the removable prosthodontics point of view. Methodology: An electronic PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate in conjugation with the manual search were performed from January 1996 to October 2016 for studies on prosthodontics management of diabetics and non-diabetics. The following keywords were used, “candida colonization,” “diabetic oral lesions,” “complete dentures,” “salivary flow,” and ridge resorption.” Results: The updated search provided four hundred 79 titles. Initial analysis of titles leads to 132 abstracts. One hundred and five abstracts were excluded, so 27 full texts were obtained. Sixteen studies were finally selected. The analysis finally showed that Candida colonizes more in the diabetic patient and correlated with blood glucose levels. Salivary flow diminishes with diabetes. The prevalence of precancerous lesions has a great affinity in diabetic denture wearers. Conclusion: Candida colonizes more in the diabetics and correlates with blood glucose levels. Clinical Significance: Diabetes lowers denture stability through increasing ridge resorption
Prosthodontic perspective of laser application: A review
Get PDFBackground: A laser works primarily through stimulated emission which is responsible for the biological effects produced by the lasers. With the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, various studies on applications of lasers in dentistry have been conducted. Various wavelengths of dental lasers have been discovered so far but not all of them are used in prosthetic rehabilitation. Advent of diff erent laser systems has a considerable spectrum of applications in removable prosthodontics and fixed prosthodontics. Aim: When compared to traditional methods, laser treatments are less invasive and painful. Various studies have documented the capacity of laser wavelength and laser parameters used in prosthetic dentistry. Moreover, it is important to study the diff erent reactions; they can produce on the soft and hard tissues. Therefore, proper knowledge of properties of lasers and its mode of action are also important for its advantageous use. The aim of this article is to debrief the application of lasers in a prosthodontic perspective. Conclusion: The knowledge and ideas of pioneers in the field of laser are being developed and expanded into clinical practice that can enhance the quality of dental care and make the patient comfortable. The unique features and vast potential of dental lasers allow the overall success rate of any procedures. Thus, lasers have become an inexorable clinical tool in a dental armamentarium. Despite the benefits, laser energy also poses some risks. Hence, the clinician must understand the principles of lasers to take full advantage of its benefits and to provide safe and effective treatment. Clinical Significance: Recently, computer-aided design and rapid prototyping technology, surface treatment of base metal alloys, and study of occlusion in complete dentures using three-dimensional laser scanner have been developed. Thus, laser seems to be very helpful in reducing the complexity and thus provides a better platform and easier accomplishment of the task
Maneuvering dentistry in COVID-19 era
Get PDFBackground: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has annulled the routine practice of dentistry and due to the uncertainty of this unique situation, there is a need for procedural restructuring as well as effective reduction of the aerosol-rich environment in which dentistry is practiced and taught until wide scale testing and vaccination is achieved. Aim: The aim of this article is to review additional measures which would help in reduction of spread of infectious viral pathogens in a dental setting and also to address the requirements for effectively continuing dental education during this period. Conclusion: The COVID-19 era presents a fluid state of affairs in which new information of the disease is daily updated but basic steps outlined in the article can help in reducing the cross-infections in a dental setting which will result in maintaining the trust and safety of the patients till we achieve mass scale vaccination or immunity. Clinical Significance: The article addresses additional measures apart from maintaining the universal precautions for infection control which need to be adhered to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 infection potential to the patients and dental health-care professionals
Relevance of Epstein–Barr virus infection in the oral squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis
Get PDFObjectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the main risk factors related to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the influence on its biological behavior. Methodology: A search for articles on EBV infection and mouth neoplasms was performed in the next electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library), Web of Science, and Spanish Medical Index (IME). From 600 potentially eligible articles, 575 were excluded for several reasons: Articles without full-text availability (201), studies on hairy leukoplakia (256), studies in patients without OSCC (42), studies on malignant salivary gland neoplasms (19), studies in HIV+ or immunocompromised patients (14), and studies with non-usable data (43). Finally, 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The statistical software RevMan 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) was used to analyze the data. For dichotomous outcomes, the estimates of effects of an intervention were expressed as odds ratio (OR) using the Mantel-Haenszel method with 95% confidence intervals. Results: About 46.3% of oral cancers were infected with EBV. Oral cancer patients had more than triple the risk of being infected with EBV than controls (OR: 3.48, P = 0.01). In contrast, age (>60 years), gender (women), tumor location (tongue-floor of the mouth), tumor differentiation degree (well differentiated), or tumor stage (III and IV) were parameters without significant influence (P > 0.05) in oral cancers infected with EBV. Conclusion: EBV infection may be an important risk factor in oral cancer. Clinical Significance: Specific treatment of EBV infection can improve the biological behavior of oral cancers toward less aggressive tumors
Overview of platelet-rich plasma: Orthodontics perspective
Get PDFBackground: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentration of human platelets in a small volume of plasma. It comprised several fundamental growth factors which actively work for the initiation of the wound healing process of both soft and hard tissues. PRP in dentistry is in use since 1998 for many reasons, one of which is the orthodontic tooth movement. Many studies have been performed to check the role of PRP in orthodontic tooth movement and most of them found it is an effective method with fewer drawbacks compared to other methods. Aim: This article aims to highlight the effects of PRP in orthodontic tooth movement. Conclusion: PRP is an effective and simplest method to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Clinical significance: It can be used to reduce the time for treatment by incorporating it into our routine treatment practice
Vogt-koyanagi-harada disease: A potentially debilitating diagnosis of exclusion
Get PDFBackground: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a systemic autoimmune granulomatous disease that targets melanocyte-rich tissue with potentially visually-threatening outcome for patients. It is manifested in eyes, inner ears, skin, and hair. Aim: This review aims to give a brief information about VKH disease, especially regarding the diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: VKH disease is a diagnosis of exclusion, a comprehensive history taking and physical examinations are required for prompt treatment using immunosuppressive agent to improve patient outcomes. Clinical Significance: It is possible to treat this condition by applying diagnostic criteria. This requires a very thorough review of possible differential diagnosis and should then be treated with high corticosteroid immunosuppressive drugs. This is solely responsible for stopping the visual impairment and recurrence of the disease