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    Mechanical performance evaluation of concrete made with recycled ceramic coarse aggregates from industrial brick waste

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    This paper describes an experimental research that aimed to evaluate the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled ceramic coarse aggregates from industrial brick waste. Concretes incorporated natural fine aggregates (NFA), natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and the ceramic recycled coarse aggregates (RCA). The aggregates were characterized by particle size distribution, flakiness index, shape index, particle density, water absorption, loose bulk density, voids, crush resistance and resistance to fragmentation. Once the aggregates were studied, concretes were produced with RCA replacing NCA in absolute volume percentages of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50% and 75%. All the concretes were produced with the same workability and aggregate size gradation. In the hardened state, concretes were evaluated by the compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile splitting strength and density. The results showed the feasibility of partial replacement of NCA by RCA, despite the mechanical performance of concrete decreases with increasing replacement of NCA by RCA.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Evaluation of novel chemistries on porous supports for plasmid DNA polishing chromatography

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    DNA-based therapeutics are one of the main applications aiming to find a course of treatment for hereditary diseases as well as cancer. They provide additional benefits when compared to traditional therapeutics. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) is one of the most utilized species of DNA-based therapeutics due to its ability to induce significant expression of a trans-gene and a comparably easy manufacturing process, without any of the disadvantages viral vectors show. This form of DNA presents linear, open circle and supercoiled isoforms, while being possible to switch between them, based on the amount and location of nicks in the sequence. The supercoiled isoform is the most biologically significant one since it allows for higher efficiencies of trans-gene expression. In order to use pDNA for human treatment, it needs to be purified so that the final product consists of a homogeneous supercoiled pDNA pool. To obtain this, a chromatography process with a combination of several interactions presents the best course of action, which is demonstrated by multiple products currently on the market. Nevertheless, the existing supports that are focused on the chromatographic step specific for the isolation of the relevant pDNA isoform (polishing step) do not present the best performance characteristics, both in terms of the purity obtained and the yield. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a novel polishing chromatographic material to produce supercoiled pDNA with higher purity and recovery. To do this, firstly, static binding experiments were conducted to confirm the results previously obtained by another working collaboration. Then, the promising prototypes were subjected to dynamic binding conditions, with the objective of assessing their capabilities to isolate the supercoiled isoform. This was followed by the development of several new agmatine-based prototypes where elution buffer composition and pH were optimized to achieve the highest resolution and purity of supercoiled pDNA. Afterwards, a step-elution method and optimization were conducted with a 3rd generation agmatine prototype, since it presented the best results in terms of supercoiled purity. With the optimized method, a complex sample of RNA and pDNA was applied to the prototype to evaluate if it was capable of separating supercoiled pDNA from other isoforms and similar molecules. The results indicated that the agmatine prototype is efficient in the purification of supercoiled pDNA from complex samples, with a high degree of purification, and in accordance with the specifications of regulatory agencies.As terapias baseadas em DNA têm o objetivo, não só de encontrar formas de tratamento para doenças hereditárias, como também para o cancro e outras patologias, de forma a proporcionar benefícios adicionais, quando comparadas com as terapias tradicionais. O DNA plasmídico (pDNA) é uma das espécies mais utilizadas em terapias baseadas em DNA, devido à sua capacidade para induzir uma expressão significativa do transgene, através de um processo de produção simples, sem as desvantagens dos vetores virais. O pDNA possui as isoformas linear, circular aberta e superenrolada, dependendo da localização e número de cortes na cadeia. A isoforma superenrolada é biologicamente mais ativa, dado que proporciona maior eficiência na expressão do transgene. No entanto, para se utilizar o pDNA superenrolado no tratamento de humanos, esta isoforma tem de ser purificada de forma a obter um produto final que possua uma pool homogénea de pDNA superenrolado. Os processos cromatográficos de vários passos, com diferentes interações, têm sido a estratégia mais utilizada, existindo vários suportes atualmente no mercado, no entanto ainda não apresentam o melhor desempenho na etapa de polimento, tanto em termos grau de pureza obtido, como de rendimento. Deste modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo material cromatográfico para purificação de pDNA, com maior recuperação e pureza da isoforma superenrolada. Primeiramente, foram realizados ensaios de ligação estática em diferentes colunas cromatográficas e, posteriormente, os protótipos com os melhores resultados foram testados em condições de ligação dinâmica, com o objetivo de avaliar a sua capacidade de isolar a isoforma superenrolada. De seguida, diversos suportes cromatográficos foram preparados, tendo como base o protótipo de agmatina, e onde tanto a composição da solução de eluição, como o pH foram otimizados de forma a obter a maior resolução e elevada pureza da isoforma superenrolada. Finalmente, foi otimizado um método de eluição por passos utilizando o protótipo de agmatina de 3ra geração, dado que foi aquele que apresentou os melhores resultados, em termos de pureza da isoforma superenrolada. Com o método otimizado, o suporte de agmatina foi testado com uma amostra complexa com RNA e pDNA, de forma a avaliar a sua capacidade de separar de modo específico o pDNA superenrolado, na presença de outras moléculas com características semelhantes. Os resultados indicaram que o protótipo de agmatina é eficiente na purificação de amostras complexas, permitindo a obtenção de pDNA superenrolado, com um grau de purificação elevado e de acordo com as especificações das agências reguladoras

    Maximum coarse aggregate’s volume fraction in self-compacting concrete for different flow restrictions

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    The volume of coarse aggregates (Vg) in self-compacting concrete (SCC) is usually conditioned to the passing ability (PA) in an L-box test. Some mix design methods use the three bar test results in L-box for proportioning SCC. However, in real structures, gaps can differ from those of L-box. By increasing the gaps, the Vg value can be increased and, consequently, the mortar phase volume can be decreased. In this study, the model proposed by Nepomuceno et al. (2014) to quantify the Vg value was modified to allow the introduction of an additional parameter that takes account for different gaps. Four SCC mixtures with different Vg values and the same mortar phase were produced and the PA value measured in the L-box test for different sizes of gaps: R1 (34 mm), R2 (64 mm), R3 (94 mm) and R4 (no restrictions). The results showed that for less demanding gaps it is possible to increase the Vg value of SCC and comply with the PA value in L-box test (H2/H1≥0.80).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Flexural ductility of lightweight-aggregate concrete beams

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    This paper describes an experimental study on the flexural ductility of lightweight-aggregate concrete beams including concretes with compressive strengths between 22.0 and 60.4 MPa and dry densities between 1651 and 1953 kg/m3. Nineteen simply supported beams were tested until failure. Two symmetrical concentrated loads were applied at approximately one third of the span. Ductility was studied by defining ductility indexes. The main variables are the concrete compressive strength and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio. It is shown that the parameter with higher influence on ductility is the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio. The test results are also compared with the requirements from some codes of practice. It is shown that ACI Code requirements give more guaranties as far as ductility is concerned, when compared with European codes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Design de uma secção de hidráulicos e manual de procedimentos

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    Será elaborado nesta dissertação de mestrado o projeto de criação de uma secção de hidráulicos num hangar de manutenção de aeronaves, tendo em vista a diminuição de tempo de chão dos aviões da companhia no que a componentes hidráulicos diz respeito. Este projeto foi desenvolvimento com base num estágio realizado na empresa SATA Air Açores, pelo que, o estudo que será aqui apresentando teve como princípios as próprias necessidades da empresa e o espaço real onde será projetada esta secção de componentes hidráulicos, seguindo os protocolos em vigor. Deste modo, ao longo deste trabalho de estudo, serão abordados primeiramente aspetos mais técnicos que se devem ter em conta antes da criação da própria secção, mas também uma avaliação das necessidades técnicas da empresa e posteriormente aspetos mais práticos que se baseiam na escolha do banco de hidráulicos e nos componentes físicos necessários para que a secção esteja operacional, tendo por base as unidades hidráulicas rotáveis e reparáveis da aeronave Bombardier Q400 Nextgen, presente na frota da SATA Air Açores.The master's thesis will develop a project for the creation of a hydraulics section in an aircraft maintenance hangar, with the aim of reducing the ground time of the company's planes concerning hydraulic components. This project was developed based on an internship at SATA Air Açores, so the study presented here is grounded in the company's specific needs and the actual space where this hydraulics components section will be designed, following current protocols. Thus, throughout this study, both the technical aspects that need to be considered before the creation of the section itself and an evaluation of the company's technical needs will be addressed. Subsequently, practical aspects will be discussed, focusing on the selection of the hydraulic test bench and the physical components necessary to make the section operational, based on the rotatable and repairable hydraulic units of the Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft, which is part of the SATA Air Açores fleet

    Efeito modulatório de um inibidor das NADPH oxidases na expressão da a-sinucleína e da ß- amilóide num modelo in vivo da doença de Parkinson

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    A doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda doença neurodegenerativa mais comum do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Patologicamente, é caracterizada pela perda progressiva de neurónios dopaminérgicos na substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) e pela formação de corpos de Lewy. Estas alterações patológicas estão subjacentes aos sintomas motores e não motores, que incluem o comprometimento cognitivo, definindo a doença de Parkinson com demência (DPD). A DPD envolve mecanismos moleculares patológicos, como o stress oxidativo (SO) e o envolvimento da a-sinucleína e da ß-amilóide, que está associado ao estado cognitivo. As NADPH oxidases (NOX), responsáveis pela produção de espécies reativas de oxigénio (ROS), estão envolvidas nos mecanismos moleculares patológicos, afetando uma variedade de funções cognitivas. Particularmente, a Nox4 tem vindo a ser implicada na progressão da patologia. Assim, este projeto pretendeu investigar se um inibidor das isoformas 1 e 4 das NOX, formulado em líquido iónico (N1(4)inh-IL), seria capaz de contrariar o contributo patológico da deposição proteica anormal num modelo animal da DP. Para isso, foram avaliados os níveis de a-sinucleína, de ß-amilóide e de oligómero A11 na região da substantia nigra (SN) e do hipocampo (HC). Os resultados demonstraram uma redução dos níveis de agregação proteica destas proteínas no grupo de animais que foram tratados com o N1(4)inh-IL. Estes resultados sugerem que ao inibir a Nox4, a deposição e agregação anormal de proteínas na SN e no HC são prevenidas. Tal formulação poderá ser utilizada futuramente para terapias que envolvam a inibição das NOX, no controlo da produção excessiva de ROS.Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Pathologically, it is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies. These pathological changes underlie motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms, which include cognitive impairment, defining Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD). PDD involves pathological molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and the involvement of a-synuclein and ß-amyloid, which is associated with cognitive status. NADPH oxidases (NOX), responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in pathological molecular mechanisms, affecting a variety of cognitive functions. In particular, Nox4 has been implicated in the progression of pathology. Therefore, this project aimed to investigate whether an inhibitor of NOX isoforms 1 and 4, formulated in ionic liquid (N1(4)- inh-IL), would be able to counteract the pathological contribution of abnormal protein deposition in an animal model of PD. To this end, the levels of-synuclein, ß-amyloid and A11 oligomer in the substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus (HC) were assessed. The results showed a reduction in the levels of protein aggregation of these proteins in the group of animals that were treated with N1(4)inh-IL. These results suggest that by inhibiting Nox4, the deposition and abnormal aggregation of proteins in the SN and HC are prevented. Such a formulation could be used in the future for therapies involving NOX inhibition to control excessive ROS production

    The influence of wastes materials on the rheology of rendering mortars

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    The objective of this paper is to present the results of a research about the effect of mineral additions and some lightweight aggregates from wastes materials (crushed EPS and Cork) on the rheological properties of renderings mortars. Four series of mortar formulations were prepared. Each series was composed by four mortars mixes with different mineral additions: hydrated lime (L), glass powder (G), tungsten ash (A) and metakaolin (K). The proportions of the mortars expressed in terms of apparent volume of cement, mineral addition and sand was 1:1:5. Flowability of mortar was measured using a standard flow table test. The density and the water retention capacity of mortars were also determined. The mortar rheological parameters were evaluated with a specific rheometer for mortars. The results show that the mortar yield stress is strongly influenced by the water amount, binder fineness and mineral addition nature. The mortars plastic viscosity is also influenced by the nature of mineral addition and the partial replacement of sand by EPS aggregates introduce incongruent values, caused by the segregation, in the mortar yield stress, whereas, the Cork aggregates is responsible by the yield stress reduction.Die Zielsetzung dieses Artikels ist, Forschungsresultate zu präsentieren über den Einfluss mineralischer Zusatzstoffe und spezieller Aggregate mit niedriger Dichte aus Abfallmaterialien (zerkleinertes EPS und Kork) auf die rheologischen Eigenschaften von Putzmörtel. Vier verschiedene Mörtelformulierungen wurden untersucht. Jede Formulierung bestand aus vier Mörtelmischungen mit unterschiedlichen mineralischen Additiven: hydratisierter Kalk, Glaspulver, Wolframminenabbaulehm und Metakaolinit. Die Zusammensetzung (scheinbare Volumenanteile von Zement, mineralischen Additiven und Sand) des Mörtels war 1:1:5. Die Fließfähigkeit des Mörtels mit Hilfe des Standardfließtischtests wurde gemessen. Die Dichte und das Rückhaltevermögen bzgl. Wasser wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften des Mörtels wurden mit Hilfe eines Rheometers bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Fließspannung des Mörtels stark durch den Wasseranteil, die Feinheit des Binders und die Natur der mineralischen Additive beeinflusst wird. Die plastische Viskosität des Mörtels wird auch durch die Natur der mineralischen Zusatzstoffe beeinflusst, und der partielle Ersatz des Sandes durch EPS-Aggregate führt nichtübereinstimmende Werte ein, verursacht durch Segregation in der Fließspannung des Mörtels, wohingegen die Korkaggregate für die Reduktion der Fließspannung verantwortlich sind.L'objectif de cet article est de présenter les résultats d'une recherche sur l'effet des additions minérales et des granulats légers obtenus à partir de matières de déchets (Polystyrène expansé EPS et le liège) sur les propriétés rhéologiques des mortiers. Quatre séries de formulations de mortier ont été préparées. Chaque série a été composée de quatre mélanges avec différentes additions minérales: chaux hydratée, poudre de verre, boue de déchets de mine de tungstène et metakaolin. Les proportions des mortiers exprimées en termes de volume apparent du ciment, du sable et d’addition minéral est 01:01:05. L’ouvrabilité du mortier a été mesurée en utilisant la table à secousses. La masse volumique apparente et la capacité de rétention d'eau des mortiers ont également été déterminées. Les paramètres rhéologiques du mortier ont été évalués à l'aide d'un rhéomètre. Les résultats montrent que le seuil de cisaillement du mortier est fortement influencé par la quantité d'eau, par la finesse et la nature de l’addition minérale, qui modifie aussi la viscosité plastique des mortiers. Le remplacement partiel du sable par des agrégats EPS introduit des valeurs incongrues, causées par la ségrégation, dans le seuil de cisaillement du mortier, tandis que les granulats de liège sont responsables de la réduction du seuil de cisaillement du mortier.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Experimental evaluation of cement mortars with phase change material incorporated via lightweight expanded clay aggregate

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    An experimental evaluation on cement mortars with phase change material (PCM) incorporated via lightweight aggregate (LWA) is reported. Three groups of LWA mortars were produced: one with pre-soaked LWA and the others with PCM-filled LWA combining two different impregnation processes and PCM dosages of 50, 75 and 100 kg/m3 corresponding to the LWA contents of 242, 354 and 481 kg/m3, respectively. Mechanical and thermophysical properties were evaluated. The results showed that high thermal inertia and low mass are compatible in PCM-filled LWA mortars and that the thermal response increases with the PCM to a certain limit and then decrease.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Neuroinflammation modulation by 5-aminosalicylic acid

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    The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly complex and unknown structure of the human body, which has been the object of constant study and monitoring. Mainly by the neuronal circuits of the CNS and their functions frequently compromised, associated with pathologies such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). PD is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons (DN) in the substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc), with subsequent loss of dopamine (DA) in the striatum (ST) and by the accumulation of dystrophic projections composed of a- synuclein. For an in-depth study of this pathology, several animal models were designed to reproduce the main behavioral dysfunctions and cellular pathological mechanisms associated with PD, being lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced neuroinflammation model one of the most used pathology's reproduction pathways. Previous studies have revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines are a strong indicator of the neuroinflammatory state, as they are key molecules that modulate immune responses and, after repeated administration of LPS, changes in their levels are observed. However, doses and administration routes of LPS are relevant factors to be considered, generating different responses for the same model. Thus, the first part of this study aimed to reproduce the model of neuroinflammation induced by LPS, by administering this molecule via the intraperitoneal route, in mice. However, as PD symptomatically, in addition to translating into behavioral disorders, is also reported by gastrointestinal involvement, an anti-inflammatory commercially called mesalazine was used to evaluate its neuroprotective effect in the model. animal of previously induced neuroinflammation. This study was carried out using behavioral assessments, the assessment of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the assessment of changes in microglial and astrocytic activity, and the quantification of the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL) in different brain areas.O sistema nervoso central é uma estrutura altamente complexa e desconhecida do corpo humano, objeto de constante estudo e monitorização, pelos seus circuitos neuronais e funções frequentemente comprometidas, associadas a patologias como a Doença de Parkinson. Esta é uma patologia que se carateriza pela perda de neurónios dopaminérgicos no sistema nigroestriatal. Tendo vários fatores patológicos associados. Vários modelos animais foram projetados para reproduzir as principais disfunções comportamentais e mecanismos patológicos celulares associadas à DP, sendo o modelo de neuroinflamação induzido por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), uma das principais vias de reprodução desta patologia. Assim, a primeira parte deste estudo teve como objetivo reproduzir o modelo de neuroinflamação induzido por LPS, pela administração desta molécula via injeção intraperitoneal. Sendo proposto a nível terapêutico uma abordagem que consiste na reutilização de fármacos existentes em patologias para as quais não foi inicialmente desenvolvido. Tendo sido utilizado um anti-inflamatório, o ácido 5aminossalicílico, amplamente utilizado em patologias inflamatórias intestinais. Pretendendo-se avaliar se o seu efeito como mediador inflamatório no intestino modula também a nível periférico processos neuroinflamatórios. Este estudo desenvolveu-se com recurso a avaliações comportamentais e de processos neuroinflamatórios. Tendo-se verificado que não ocorreu um comprometimento do sistema motor e dopaminérgico. Contrariamente à avaliação dos processos neuroinflamatórios, na qual se verifica um aumento da imunorreatividade microglial e astrocitária pela exposição a LPS, prevenida pela administração de 5’-ASA. Efeito corroborado pelo aumento tendencial nos níveis da interleucina 6, pela exposição ao LPS, acompanhado pela diminuição tendencial pela exposição ao 5’-ASA. Sendo estes resultados bastante heterogéneos, conclui-se que não é possível obter conclusões lineares acerca do modelo utilizado como modelo representativo da DP. Nem concluir um efeito modulatório da neuroinflamação por parte do 5’-ASA, devido à insuficiência de efeito prejudicial induzido pelo agente tóxico utilizado

    Proposta de Implementação de uma solução com metodologia Lean 5S enquanto procedimento de atuação na Tecelagem

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    Num contexto industrial cada vez mais preocupado com a sustentabilidade, a implementação da metodologia Lean torna-se fundamental para otimizar processos, reduzir desperdícios e promover uma gestão eficiente dos recursos. Durante o estágio realizado numa empresa do setor têxtil, foi possível constatar a urgência de aplicar metodologias eficazes, como esta, para enfrentar os desafios operacionais e ambientais. A análise detalhada da gestão de resíduos têxteis e lixo orgânico dentro de fábrica, revelou uma série de desafios, incluindo a contaminação dos resíduos, a falta de práticas de reciclagem e a desorganização nos processos de recolha e armazenamento. Com base nessa compreensão, foi desenvolvido um plano estratégico para implementar a metodologia 5S, com metas específicas e áreas prioritárias identificadas. A posteriori foi realizado um plano de ação para o fluxo de informação e um plano de propostas de melhoria dos problemas detetados em chão de fábrica. Durante a implementação, foram adotadas medidas concretas para cada etapa do processo 5S, incluindo classificação, organização, limpeza, padronização e autodisciplina. Foram desenvolvidos documentos e recursos visuais, como mapas de fluxo e procedimentos operacionais padrão (POPs), para orientar os operadores na adoção e manutenção das práticas 5S. Além disso, foram propostas ações de sensibilização para a importância das boas práticas de limpeza e reciclagem, visando promover uma cultura de sustentabilidade na empresa. Durante todo o processo, foram identificados e enfrentados desafios específicos, como a contaminação dos resíduos e o comportamento inadequado dos operadores. Foram ainda determinados novos circuitos para os resíduos têxteis como as ourelas, através do conhecimento adquirido com o acompanhamento do operador encarregue pela recolha das mesmas. Depois foram determinados novos circuitos otimizados para as rotas do lixo orgânico e da recolha de resíduo de fio, ao adotar ferramentas avançadas como o MATLAB e algoritmos eficientes como árvore vasta do custo mínimo e o algoritmo de otimização do problema do caixeiro-viajante, onde a rota dos fios é aproximadamente de 43,5 m e a do lixo orgânico cerca de aproximadamente 117,8m. Assim é demonstrado um compromisso com a inovação e a procura por soluções eficazes para os desafios enfrentados pela empresa. Este estágio proporcionou uma valiosa oportunidade de aplicar conhecimentos teóricos na prática, contribuindo para a eficiência operacional e para a promoção da sustentabilidade ambiental na empresa.In an industrial context that is increasingly concerned with sustainability, the implementation of the Lean methodology is essential to optimise processes, reduce waste and promote efficient resource management. During my internship at a company in the textile sector, I realised the urgency of applying effective methodologies, such as this one, to tackle operational and environmental challenges. A detailed analysis of the management of textile waste and organic waste within the factory revealed a number of challenges, including waste contamination, a lack of recycling practices and disorganisation in the collection and storage processes. Based on this understanding, a strategic plan was developed to implement the 5S methodology, with specific targets and priority areas identified. Subsequently, an action plan was drawn up for the flow of information and a plan to propose improvements to the problems detected on the shop floor. During implementation, concrete measures were adopted for each stage of the 5S process, including classification, organisation, cleaning, standardisation and self-discipline. Documents and visual resources were developed, such as flow maps and standard operating procedures (SOPs), to guide operators in adopting and maintaining 5S practices. In addition, actions were proposed to raise awareness of the importance of good cleaning and recycling practices, with the aim of promoting a culture of sustainability in the company. Throughout the process, specific challenges were identified and tackled, such as waste contamination and inappropriate behaviour on the part of operators. New circuits were also determined for textile waste such as selvedges, based on the knowledge gained from working with the operator in charge of collecting them. New optimised circuits were then determined for the organic waste and yarn waste collection routes, by adopting advanced tools such as MATLAB and efficient algorithms such as the minimum cost spanning tree and the travelling salesman problem optimisation algorithm, where the yarn route is approximately 43.5m and the organic waste route approximately 117.8m. This demonstrates a commitment to innovation and the search for effective solutions to the challenges faced by the company. This internship provided a valuable opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in practice, contributing to operational efficiency and promoting environmental sustainability in the company

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